Difference between revisions of "Seventh International Symposium"

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The '''Seventh International Symposium''' on Human Rights and Modern Society convened in the {{UNI|Georgetown University|GU}} [https://www.acc-guhotelandconferencecenter.com/ Conference Center] in Washington, {{USSC|DC}}, USA on April 4-7, 2002.
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The '''Seventh International Symposium''' on [[human rights|Human Rights]] and Modern Society convened in the {{UNI|Georgetown University|GU}} [https://www.acc-guhotelandconferencecenter.com/ Conference Center] in Washington, {{USSC|DC}}, USA on April 4-7, 2002.
  
 
==Faculty==
 
==Faculty==
 
* '''[[Jeannine Parvati Baker]]''', MS, Director, NOCIRC of Utah – Joseph,co-founder, Six Directions, and author. Joseph, {{USSC|UT}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Jeannine Parvati Baker]]''', MS, Director, NOCIRC of Utah – Joseph,co-founder, Six Directions, and author. Joseph, {{USSC|UT}}, USA.
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* '''Peter Ball''', {{MA}}, MB, B Chir, retired family practitioner, member, NORM-UK, and producer and director, non-surgical foreskin restoration video. Turnbridge Wells, Kent, UK.
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* '''[[Peter Ball]]''', {{MA}}, MB, B Chir, retired family practitioner, member, NORM-UK, and producer and director, non-surgical foreskin restoration video. Turnbridge Wells, Kent, UK.
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* '''Michel Beauge''', Medical Doctor and Sexologist, Vice Chairman, National Union of Sexologists, Secretary General, Group of Western France Sexologists for Advanced Training. Quimper, France.
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* '''[[Michel Beaugé]]''', Medical Doctor and Sexologist, Vice Chairman, National Union of Sexologists, Secretary General, Group of Western France Sexologists for Advanced Training. Quimper, France.
 
* '''[[Dan Bollinger| Daniel H. Bollinger, III]]''', {{BA}}, Director, NOCIRC of Indiana, founder and director of Wabash Men’s Council, Media Outreach Coordinator for NOCIRC. West Lafayette, {{USSC|IN}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Dan Bollinger| Daniel H. Bollinger, III]]''', {{BA}}, Director, NOCIRC of Indiana, founder and director of Wabash Men’s Council, Media Outreach Coordinator for NOCIRC. West Lafayette, {{USSC|IN}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Charles A. Bonner]]''', {{JD}}, civil rights, personal injury, and medical mal practice attorney. Sausalito, {{USSC|CA}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Charles A. Bonner]]''', {{JD}}, civil rights, personal injury, and medical mal practice attorney. Sausalito, {{USSC|CA}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Mary Conant]]''', {{RN}}, nurse conscientious objector to circumcision, co-founder of Nurses for the Rights of the Child, and Director, NOCIRC of NM. Santa Fe, {{USSC|NM}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Mary Conant]]''', {{RN}}, nurse conscientious objector to circumcision, co-founder of Nurses for the Rights of the Child, and Director, NOCIRC of NM. Santa Fe, {{USSC|NM}}, USA.
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* '''[[Amber Craig]]''', MS, Director, NOCIRC of North Carolina and coordinator, Medicaid Project. Chapel Hill, {{USSC|NY}}, USA.
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* '''[[Amber Craig]]''', MS, Director, NOCIRC of North Carolina and coordinator, Medicaid Project. Chapel Hill, {{USSC|NC}}, USA.
 
* '''[[George C. Denniston]]''', {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, founder and Director, [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] and author. Norland, {{USSC|WA}}, USA.
 
* '''[[George C. Denniston]]''', {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, founder and Director, [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] and author. Norland, {{USSC|WA}}, USA.
 
* '''Milton Diamond''', {{PhD}}, Professor, {{UNI|University of Hawaii|UH}}, John A. Burns School of Medicine, host and co-producer, PBS TV series, Human Sexuality, President, Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, and Past President, International Academy for Sex Research. Honolulu, {{USSC|HI}}, USA.
 
* '''Milton Diamond''', {{PhD}}, Professor, {{UNI|University of Hawaii|UH}}, John A. Burns School of Medicine, host and co-producer, PBS TV series, Human Sexuality, President, Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, and Past President, International Academy for Sex Research. Honolulu, {{USSC|HI}}, USA.
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* '''Greg Hartley''', PE, graduated cum laude in engineering, {{UNI|University of Pittsburgh|Pitt}}, completed Naval Nuclear Power School, was a civilian instructor, US Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, now works in fleet support, and Director, NOCIRC of PA. Ingomar, {{USSC|PA}}, USA.
 
* '''Greg Hartley''', PE, graduated cum laude in engineering, {{UNI|University of Pittsburgh|Pitt}}, completed Naval Nuclear Power School, was a civilian instructor, US Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, now works in fleet support, and Director, NOCIRC of PA. Ingomar, {{USSC|PA}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Frederick M. Hodges| Frederick Mansfield Hodges]]''', D. Phil. (Oxon), medical historian, post-doctoral research associate, Department of History, {{UNI|Yale University|Yale}}, and author. New Haven, {{USSC|CT}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Frederick M. Hodges| Frederick Mansfield Hodges]]''', D. Phil. (Oxon), medical historian, post-doctoral research associate, Department of History, {{UNI|Yale University|Yale}}, and author. New Haven, {{USSC|CT}}, USA.
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* '''[[Yngve Hofvander]]''', {{MD}}, pediatrician, Professor, International Child Health, {{UNI|Uppsala University|UU}}, Sweden, consultant to the Swedish International Development Authority, World Health Organization, and UNICEF. Uppsala, Sweden.
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* '''[[Yngve Hofvander]]''', {{MD}}, pediatrician, Professor, International Child Health, {{UNI|Uppsala University|UU}}, Sweden, consultant to the Swedish International Development Authority, World Health Organization, and [[UNICEF]]. Uppsala, Sweden.
 
* '''Duane Jorde''', Director, NOCIRC of Hawaii, co-ordinator,“Fathers in Rebellion” exhibit. Honolulu, {{USSC|HI}}, USA.
 
* '''Duane Jorde''', Director, NOCIRC of Hawaii, co-ordinator,“Fathers in Rebellion” exhibit. Honolulu, {{USSC|HI}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Van Lewis]]''', Director, NOCIRC of Florida. Panacea, {{USSC|FL}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Van Lewis]]''', Director, NOCIRC of Florida. Panacea, {{USSC|FL}}, USA.
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* '''[[Mark Reiss]]''', {{MD}}, retired physician, active member of a Conservative synagogue, child’s rights activist, and researcher. San Francisco, {{USSC|CA}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Mark Reiss]]''', {{MD}}, retired physician, active member of a Conservative synagogue, child’s rights activist, and researcher. San Francisco, {{USSC|CA}}, USA.
 
* '''Marianne M. Sarkis''', {{MA}}, applied medical anthropologist, Director, Female Genital Mutilation Awareness and Education Project of NOCIRC, originator of first female genital mutilation website. Albany, {{USSC|CA}}, USA.
 
* '''Marianne M. Sarkis''', {{MA}}, applied medical anthropologist, Director, Female Genital Mutilation Awareness and Education Project of NOCIRC, originator of first female genital mutilation website. Albany, {{USSC|CA}}, USA.
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* '''Steve Scott''', Educational Outreach Coordinator, National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers, Director, NOCIRC of Utah. Salt Lake City, {{USSC|UT}}, USA.
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* '''[[Steve Scott]]''', Educational Outreach Coordinator, National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers, Director, NOCIRC of Utah. Salt Lake City, {{USSC|UT}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Morris Sorrells]]''', {{MD}}, retired pediatrician, consultant, and researcher. Port Ludlow, {{USSC|WA}}, USA.
 
* '''[[Morris Sorrells]]''', {{MD}}, retired pediatrician, consultant, and researcher. Port Ludlow, {{USSC|WA}}, USA.
 
* '''William Stowell''', A1C, Security Forces, US Air Force, first 18-year-old to file circumcision lawsuit. Denver, {{USSC|CO}}, USA.
 
* '''William Stowell''', A1C, Security Forces, US Air Force, first 18-year-old to file circumcision lawsuit. Denver, {{USSC|CO}}, USA.
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* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-4011-0_8 Educating the United Nations About Male Circumcision]
 
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-4011-0_8 Educating the United Nations About Male Circumcision]
 
: ''[[J. Steven Svoboda]]''
 
: ''[[J. Steven Svoboda]]''
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* An Adlerian Look at Neonatal Trauma and Early Childhood Beliefs
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* An Adlerian Look at Neonatal [[Trauma]] and Early Childhood Beliefs
 
: ''[[Dan Bollinger]]''
 
: ''[[Dan Bollinger]]''
 
* Anthropology and Circumcision: Why did it take us so long to come around?
 
* Anthropology and Circumcision: Why did it take us so long to come around?
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* [https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/bxo-does-not-require-treatment-circumcision Save the Foreskin II: BXO in Boys Does Not Mandate Circumcision]
 
* [https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/bxo-does-not-require-treatment-circumcision Save the Foreskin II: BXO in Boys Does Not Mandate Circumcision]
 
: ''Steve Donnell''
 
: ''Steve Donnell''
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* Comparative Analysis on Urinary Tract Infection in North America, Israel, and Europe
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* Comparative Analysis on Urinary Tract Infection in North America, [[Israel]], and Europe
 
: ''Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin''
 
: ''Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin''
 
* A Doctor Puts His Scalpel Down: What to Say to Parents
 
* A Doctor Puts His Scalpel Down: What to Say to Parents
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==== Sunday, April 7 ====
 
==== Sunday, April 7 ====
 
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-4011-0_12 Something Less than Joyful: Jewish Americans and the Circumcision Dilemma]
 
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-4011-0_12 Something Less than Joyful: Jewish Americans and the Circumcision Dilemma]
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: ''Leonard Glick''
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: ''[[Leonard B. Glick]]''
 
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-4011-0_13 The Growing Jewish Circumcision Debate: A Psycho-Social Critique]
 
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-4011-0_13 The Growing Jewish Circumcision Debate: A Psycho-Social Critique]
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: ''Ronald Goldman''
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: ''[[Ronald Goldman]]''
 
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-4011-0_14 My Painful Journey: A Retired Jewish Physician’s Acknowledgment of Circumcision Trauma Leads Him to Intactivism]
 
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-4011-0_14 My Painful Journey: A Retired Jewish Physician’s Acknowledgment of Circumcision Trauma Leads Him to Intactivism]
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: ''Mark Reiss''
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: ''[[Mark D. Reiss]]''
 
* [http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-management-of-intersexuality.html The Management of Ambiguous Genitalia]
 
* [http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-management-of-intersexuality.html The Management of Ambiguous Genitalia]
 
: ''Milton Diamond''
 
: ''Milton Diamond''
 
* What’s Going On: New Alliances, New Ideas, New Gains, New Hopes, And New Futures
 
* What’s Going On: New Alliances, New Ideas, New Gains, New Hopes, And New Futures
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: ''Hanny Lightfoot-Klein''
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: ''[[Hanny Lightfoot-Klein]]''
 
* Closing
 
* Closing
 
: ''[[Jeannine Parvati Baker]]''
 
: ''[[Jeannine Parvati Baker]]''
Line 127: Line 127:
  
 
==Sponsor==
 
==Sponsor==
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The International Symposium on Human Rights and Modern Society, a special project of the [http://www.nocirc.org National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC)], provides a forum for discussion about the sexual mutilation of infants and children from historical, anthropological, cultural, religious, social, psychological, medical, ethical, legal and human rights perspectives. NOCIRC is a non-profit educational organization that provides information for parents and others about protecting the rights of children.
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The International Symposium on [[human rights|Human Rights]] and Modern Society, a special project of the [http://www.nocirc.org National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC)], provides a forum for discussion about the sexual mutilation of infants and children from historical, anthropological, cultural, religious, social, psychological, medical, ethical, legal and [[human rights]] perspectives. NOCIRC is a non-profit educational organization that provides information for parents and others about protecting the rights of children.
  
 
{{SEEALSO}}
 
{{SEEALSO}}

Latest revision as of 09:35, 25 March 2024

The Seventh International Symposium on Human Rights and Modern Society convened in the Georgetown University Conference Center in Washington, DC, USA on April 4-7, 2002.

Faculty

  • Jeannine Parvati Baker, MS, Director, NOCIRC of Utah – Joseph,co-founder, Six Directions, and author. Joseph, UT, USA.
  • Peter Ball, M.A.[a 1], MB, B Chir, retired family practitioner, member, NORM-UK, and producer and director, non-surgical foreskin restoration video. Turnbridge Wells, Kent, UK.
  • Michel Beaugé, Medical Doctor and Sexologist, Vice Chairman, National Union of Sexologists, Secretary General, Group of Western France Sexologists for Advanced Training. Quimper, France.
  • Daniel H. Bollinger, III, BA[a 2], Director, NOCIRC of Indiana, founder and director of Wabash Men’s Council, Media Outreach Coordinator for NOCIRC. West Lafayette, IN, USA.
  • Charles A. Bonner, J.D.[a 3], civil rights, personal injury, and medical mal practice attorney. Sausalito, CA, USA.
  • Mary Conant, RN[a 4], nurse conscientious objector to circumcision, co-founder of Nurses for the Rights of the Child, and Director, NOCIRC of NM. Santa Fe, NM, USA.
  • Amber Craig, MS, Director, NOCIRC of North Carolina and coordinator, Medicaid Project. Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  • George C. Denniston, M.D.[a 5], M.P.H.[a 6], founder and Director, Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.) and author. Norland, WA, USA.
  • Milton Diamond, Ph.D.[a 7], Professor, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, host and co-producer, PBS TV series, Human Sexuality, President, Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, and Past President, International Academy for Sex Research. Honolulu, HI, USA.
  • Steve C. Donnell, MBChB[a 8], FRCS, DCH, FRCS Ed, senior registrar, pediatric surgery and urology, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK, and consultant pediatric surgeon, Birmingham Children’s Hospital. Birmingham, UK.
  • Laurie Evans, Director, NOCIRC of New York – Hudson Valley. Katonah, NY, USA.
  • Rudolph P. Fedrizzi, M.D.[a 5], board-certified obstetrician-gynecologist, Northern New Mexico Women’s Health and Birth Center. Taos, NM, USA.
  • Paul Fleiss, M.D.[a 5], M.P.H.[a 6], assistant clinical professor of pediatrics, University of Southern California Medical Center, pediatrician,and author. Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • Leonard Glick, M.D.[a 5], Ph.D.[a 7], professor of anthropology, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, and author. New Salem, MA, USA.
  • Ronald Goldman, Ph.D.[a 7], psychologist, educator, author, and executive director, Circumcision Resource Center. Boston, MA, USA.
  • Gary Harryman, M.A.[a 1], coordinator, National Organization of Restoring Men, Southern California (NORM-SC), researcher, author. Topanga, CA, USA.
  • Greg Hartley, PE, graduated cum laude in engineering, University of Pittsburgh, completed Naval Nuclear Power School, was a civilian instructor, US Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, now works in fleet support, and Director, NOCIRC of PA. Ingomar, PA, USA.
  • Frederick Mansfield Hodges, D. Phil. (Oxon), medical historian, post-doctoral research associate, Department of History, Yale University, and author. New Haven, CT, USA.
  • Yngve Hofvander, M.D.[a 5], pediatrician, Professor, International Child Health, Uppsala University, Sweden, consultant to the Swedish International Development Authority, World Health Organization, and UNICEF. Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Duane Jorde, Director, NOCIRC of Hawaii, co-ordinator,“Fathers in Rebellion” exhibit. Honolulu, HI, USA.
  • Van Lewis, Director, NOCIRC of Florida. Panacea, FL, USA.
  • Hanny Lightfoot-Klein, M.A.[a 1], cross-cultural sexologist, clinical supervisor, The American Board of Sexology, and author. Tucson, AZ, USA.
  • David J. Llewellyn, BA[a 2], J.D.[a 3], practicing attorney at law representing plaintiffs in wrongful circumcision and other genital injury cases. Atlanta, GA, USA.
  • Linda Massie, BSc, PG/Dip, founder and Director, NOCIRC of Northern Ireland. Glengormley, County Antrim, Northern Ireland.
  • Harry Meislahn, BA[a 2], MBA[a 9], magna cum laude graduate in Economics, Harvard, MBA[a 9] recipient, Harvard Business School, and Director, NOCIRC of Illinois. Winnetka, IL, USA.
  • Marilyn Milos, RN[a 4], Director, National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC),Coordinator, International Symposia on Genital Integrity. San Anselmo, CA, USA.
  • Soraya Miré, Director, Persistent Productions, producer, FireEyes. Pasadena, CA, USA.
  • Dr. Jotham Musinguzi, Past Public Health Physician, Makerere Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director of the Population Secretariat, Ministry of Finance and Planning – Government of Uganda. Kampala, Uganda.
  • Martin Novoa, investment banker, twenty years experience in research and counseling about male circumcision. San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • Kristen O’Hara, BS in Education, Salem College, Salem, Massachusetts, and author. Boston, MA, USA.
  • Shane Peterson, Ph.D.[a 7], affiliated with the International Office for Men’s Health and Gender Studies, School of Nursing and Public Health, Edith Cowan University, Director, NOCIRC of Australia. Canberra, ACT, Australia.
  • Mark Reiss, M.D.[a 5], retired physician, active member of a Conservative synagogue, child’s rights activist, and researcher. San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • Marianne M. Sarkis, M.A.[a 1], applied medical anthropologist, Director, Female Genital Mutilation Awareness and Education Project of NOCIRC, originator of first female genital mutilation website. Albany, CA, USA.
  • Steve Scott, Educational Outreach Coordinator, National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers, Director, NOCIRC of Utah. Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
  • Morris Sorrells, M.D.[a 5], retired pediatrician, consultant, and researcher. Port Ludlow, WA, USA.
  • William Stowell, A1C, Security Forces, US Air Force, first 18-year-old to file circumcision lawsuit. Denver, CO, USA.
  • J. Steven Svoboda, J.D.[a 3], founder and Director, Attorneys for the Rights of the Child (ARC). Berkeley, CA, USA.
  • John Taylor, MB, FRCPC[a 10], pathologist (retired), Health Sciences Centre and University of Manitoba. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
  • Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin, Ph.D.[a 7], Director, The Israeli Association Against Genital Mutilation, and currently a medical student. Sturt, South Australia, Australia.

Proceedings

Program

Thursday, April 4

  • Welcome and Opening Remarks
Marilyn Milos
Frederick Mansfield Hodges
  • Award Presentations
Marilyn Milos

Friday, April 5

Yngve Hofvander
David Llewellyn
  • Circumcision: A Teenager’s Perspective
William Stowell
  • Discrimination for Political Views: Intactivism in the Workplace, Part I
Charles Bonner
  • Discrimination for Political Views: Intactivism in the Workplace, Part II
Martin Novoa
Shane Peterson
J. Steven Svoboda
  • An Adlerian Look at Neonatal Trauma and Early Childhood Beliefs
Dan Bollinger
  • Anthropology and Circumcision: Why did it take us so long to come around?
Marianne Sarkis
Soraya Miré
  • Can Culture Play a Positive Role in Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation?
Jotham Musinguzi
  • Circumcision Decision Making in a Population of American Women Intending a Non-Interventive Birth
Rudolph P. Fedrizzi
Greg Hartley
Van Lewis

Saturday, April 6

  • What is the Foreskin?
Steve Scott
  • A Survey of the Foreskin as Depicted in Current Medical Educational Literature
Gary Harryman
  • The Importance of the Foreskin to Penile Reflexes
Harry Meislahn and John Tay
  • Circumcision and Sexual Pleasure: A Study
George Denniston
Morrie Sorrells
  • Preputial Stenosis in Adolescents and Young Adults
Michel Beauge
Steve Donnell
  • Comparative Analysis on Urinary Tract Infection in North America, Israel, and Europe
Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin
  • A Doctor Puts His Scalpel Down: What to Say to Parents
Paul Fleiss
  • NORM-UK and Britain’s Health Service
Peter Ball
  • A Research and Community Development Strategy for NOCIRC of Northern Ireland
Linda Massie
  • Activism in North Carolina, USA
Amber Craig
Kristen O’Hara

Sunday, April 7

Leonard B. Glick
Ronald Goldman
Mark D. Reiss
Milton Diamond
  • What’s Going On: New Alliances, New Ideas, New Gains, New Hopes, And New Futures
Hanny Lightfoot-Klein
  • Closing
Jeannine Parvati Baker

The proceedings are published in Flesh and Blood: Perspectives on the Problem of Circumcision in Contemporary Society, edited by George C. Denniston, Frederick Mansfield Hodges, and Marilyn Fayre Milos, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, 2004.

The International Symposium on Human Rights and Modern Society, a special project of the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC), provides a forum for discussion about the sexual mutilation of infants and children from historical, anthropological, cultural, religious, social, psychological, medical, ethical, legal and human rights perspectives. NOCIRC is a non-profit educational organization that provides information for parents and others about protecting the rights of children.

See also

External links

Abbreviations

  1. ↑ a b c d REFweb Master of Arts, Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  2. ↑ a b c REFweb Bachelor of Arts, Wikipedia. Retrieved 13 October 2021. (BA or AB; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus.)
  3. ↑ a b c REFweb Juris Doctor, Wikipedia. Retrieved 13 October 2021. (Also known as Doctor of Law or Doctor of Jurisprudence.)
  4. ↑ a b REFweb Registered nurse, Wikipedia. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g REFweb Doctor of Medicine, Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 June 2021. In the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries, the abbreviation MD is common.
  6. ↑ a b REFweb Master of Public Health or Master of Philosophy in Public Health, Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  7. ↑ a b c d e REFweb Doctor of Philosophy, Wikipedia. Retrieved 16 June 2021. (Also abbreviated as D.Phil.)
  8. ↑ REFweb Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Wikipedia. Retrieved 13 October 2021. (Latin: medicinae baccalaureus, baccalaureus chirurgiae; abbreviated in many ways, most commonly MBBS, but also MB ChB, BMBS, MB BCh, MB BChir, and BM BCh.)
  9. ↑ a b REFweb Master of Business Administration, Wikipedia. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  10. ↑ REFweb Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Wikipedia. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
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