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| ===September 2021===
| | Threre now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing [[HIV]] infection. |
| September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and [[HIV]] infection.
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| Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of [[HIV]] infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
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| |last=Mayan
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| |first=Madhur
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| |init=
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| |author-link=
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| |last2=Hamilton
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| |first2=Robert J.
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| |init2=
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| |author2-link=
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| |last3=Juurlink
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| |first3=David N.
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| |init3=
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| |author3-link=
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| |last4=Austin
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| |first4=Peter C.
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| |author4-link=
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| |last5=Jarvi
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| |first5=Keith A.
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| |init5=
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| |author5-link=
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| |etal=no
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| |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
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| |trans-title=
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| |language=
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| |journal=J Urol
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| |location=
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| |date=2021-09-23
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| |volume=
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| |issue=
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| |article=
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| |page=
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| |pages=
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| |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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| |archived=
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| |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
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| |pubmedID=34551593
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| |pubmedCID=
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| |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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| |accessdate=2021-10-02
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| }}</ref>
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| [[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing [[HIV]] and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and [[HIV]] infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
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| There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing [[HIV]] infection.
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| == Increased risk to women == | | == Increased risk to women == |