Difference between revisions of "History of circumcision"

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Many Americans are surprised to hear that [[circumcision]] (the surgical removal of the foreskin) is uncommon in the western world. Foreigners are often shocked when they first hear that the practice of circumcision even exists in the United States. Circumcision was first introduced in the United States by an anti-sexual Victorian initiative which began during the 1830’s. Numerous publications from the 1830’s to times even as late as the 1970’s had advocated for circumcision as a means to prevent [[masturbation]], and to permanently desensitize, denude, and immobilize the penis.
+
Many Americans are surprised to hear that [[circumcision]] (the surgical removal of the [[foreskin]]) is uncommon in the western world. Foreigners are often shocked when they first hear that the practice of circumcision even exists in the United States. Circumcision was first introduced in the [[United States]] by an anti-sexual Victorian initiative which began during the 1830’s. Numerous publications from the 1830’s to times even as late as the 1970’s had advocated for circumcision as a means to prevent [[masturbation]], and to permanently desensitize, denude, and immobilize the penis.<ref name="Lallemand">{{Lallemand1836}}</ref><ref name="Dixon">{{Dixon1845}}</ref><ref name="Moses1871">{{Moses1871}}</ref><ref name="Kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref><ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
<ref name="Lallemand">{{REFbook
 
|last=Lallemand
 
|first=Claude-Francois
 
|year=(1):1836; (2):1839; (3):1842
 
|title=Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires
 
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HV4B3UaMUAYC&dq=Des+Pertes+Seminales+Involontaires+1836&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
 
|work=
 
|editor=
 
|edition=
 
|volume=1-3
 
|chapter=
 
|pages=(1):463-467; (2):70-162; (3):266-267, 280-289
 
|location=
 
|publisher=
 
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=2011-06-09
 
|note=
 
}}</ref><ref name="Dixon">{{REFbook
 
|last=Dixon
 
|first=Edward H.
 
|year=1845
 
|title=A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs
 
|url=
 
|work=
 
|editor=
 
|edition=
 
|volume=
 
|chapter=
 
|pages=158-165
 
|location=New York
 
|publisher=Stringer & Co
 
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=2011-06-09
 
|note=
 
}}</ref><ref name="Moses1871">{{REFjournal
 
|last=Moses
 
|first=M.J.
 
|title=The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure
 
|journal=New York Medical Journal
 
|date=1871-11
 
|volume=14
 
|issue=4
 
|pages=368-374
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref><ref name="Kellogg1888">{{REFbook
 
|last=Kellogg
 
|first=John Harvey
 
|year=1888
 
|title=Plain Facts for Old and Young.
 
|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/KelPlai.html
 
|work=
 
|editor=Project Gutenberg
 
|edition=1881 edition
 
|volume=
 
|chapter=Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects
 
|pages=
 
|location=Burlington, Iowa
 
|publisher=F. Segner & Co
 
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=2011-03-21
 
|note=
 
}}</ref><ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal
 
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |last=Hutchinson
  |first=Johnathan
+
  |first=Jonathan
 +
|init=J
 +
|author-link=Jonathan Hutchinson
 
  |title=On circumcision as preventive of masturbation
 
  |title=On circumcision as preventive of masturbation
 
  |journal=Archives of Surgery
 
  |journal=Archives of Surgery
Line 78: Line 10:
 
  |issue=7
 
  |issue=7
 
  |pages=267-269
 
  |pages=267-269
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref><ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref><ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Remondino
 
  |last=Remondino
  |first=P.C.
+
  |init=PC
 
  |title=Negro rapes and their social problems
 
  |title=Negro rapes and their social problems
 
  |journal=National Popular Review
 
  |journal=National Popular Review
Line 93: Line 19:
 
  |issue=1
 
  |issue=1
 
  |pages=3-6
 
  |pages=3-6
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref><ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref><ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Cockshut
 
  |last=Cockshut
  |first=R.W.
+
  |init=RW
 
  |author-link=R. W. Cockshut
 
  |author-link=R. W. Cockshut
 
  |title=Circumcision
 
  |title=Circumcision
Line 109: Line 29:
 
  |issue=3902
 
  |issue=3902
 
  |page=764
 
  |page=764
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref><ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Guttmacher
 
  |last=Guttmacher
  |first=Allan F.
+
  |first=Alan F.
 +
|init=AF
 +
|author-link=Alan F. Guttmacher
 
  |title=Should the baby be circumcised?
 
  |title=Should the baby be circumcised?
 +
|url=https://www.circumstitions.com/1941.html
 
  |journal=Parents Magazine
 
  |journal=Parents Magazine
 
  |date=1941-09
 
  |date=1941-09
Line 124: Line 41:
 
  |issue=9
 
  |issue=9
 
  |pages=26,76-78
 
  |pages=26,76-78
|url=
+
}}</ref><ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{MillerSnyder1953}}</ref><ref name="Fishbein1969">{{Fishbein1969}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref><ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal
 
|last=Miller
 
|first=R.L.
 
|first2=D.C.
 
|last2=Snyder
 
|title=Immediate circumcision of the newborn male
 
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
 
|date=1953-01
 
|volume=6
 
|issue=1
 
|pages=1-11
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref><ref name="Fishbein1969">{{REFbook
 
|last=Fishbein
 
|first=Morris
 
|year=1969
 
|title=Modern Home Medical Adviser
 
|url=
 
|work=
 
|editor=Garden City
 
|edition=
 
|volume=
 
|chapter=Sex hygiene
 
|pages=90+119
 
|location=New York
 
|publisher=Doubleday & Co
 
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=
 
|note=
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 
 
  |last=Campbell
 
  |last=Campbell
 
  |first=M.F.
 
  |first=M.F.
 +
|init=MF
 
  |year=1970
 
  |year=1970
 
  |title=Urology
 
  |title=Urology
  |url=
+
  |editors=M.F. Campbell & J.H. Harrison
|work=
 
|editor=M.F. Campbell and J.H. Harrison
 
 
  |edition=3
 
  |edition=3
  |volume= 2
+
  |volume=2
 
  |chapter=The Male Genital Tract and the Female Urethra
 
  |chapter=The Male Genital Tract and the Female Urethra
 
  |page=1836
 
  |page=1836
 
  |location=Philadelphia
 
  |location=Philadelphia
 
  |publisher=W. B. Saunders
 
  |publisher=W. B. Saunders
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=
 
|note=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
[[Image:FGC.jpeg|right|thumb|From Historical American Female Circumcision medical papers]]
 
[[Image:FGC.jpeg|right|thumb|From Historical American Female Circumcision medical papers]]
  
Circumcision advocates quickly moved on to manufacture a number of outrageous health claims. These claims were tailored to the fears and anxieties of the day. Circumcision has been claimed to cure epilepsy, convulsions, paralysis, elephantiasis, tuberculosis, eczema, bed-wetting, hip-joint disease, fecal incontinence, rectal prolapse, wet dreams, hernia, headaches, nervousness, hysteria, poor eyesight, idiocy, mental retardation, insanity, strabismus, hydrocephalus, clubfoot, cancer, STD’s, UTI’s, etc.<ref> F. A. Hodges, "Short History of the Institutionalization of Involuntary Sexual Mutilation in the United States," in G. C. Denniston and M. F. Milos, eds., Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy (New York: Plenum Press, 1997), 35.</ref>
+
Circumcision advocates quickly moved on to manufacture a number of outrageous health claims. These claims were tailored to the fears and anxieties of the day. Circumcision has been claimed to cure epilepsy, convulsions, paralysis, elephantiasis, tuberculosis, eczema, bed-wetting, hip-joint disease, fecal incontinence, rectal prolapse, wet dreams, hernia, headaches, nervousness, hysteria, poor eyesight, idiocy, mental retardation, insanity, strabismus, hydrocephalus, clubfoot, cancer, STD’s, UTI’s, etc.<ref>{{REFbook
Doctors were eager to claim that they could prevent and cure many of these aliments, conditions and diseases because there were no treatments available then. Even though all of these claims have been throughly discredited, circumcision has remained a solution in search of a problem ever since. Many Americans are surprised to find out that female genital cutting (FGC) shares a strikingly similar history in the United States.  
+
|last=Hodges
<ref name="Kellogg1888"/>
+
|first=Frederick A.
<ref>{{REFjournal
+
|init=FA
 +
|author-link=Frederick M. Hodges
 +
|chapter=Short History of the Institutionalization of Involuntary Sexual Mutilation in the United States
 +
|editors=[[George C. Denniston|G. C. Denniston]] & [[Marilyn Fayre Milos|M. F. Milos]]
 +
|title=Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy
 +
|location=New York
 +
|publisher=Plenum Press
 +
|year=1997
 +
|page=35
 +
}}</ref> [[Masturbation]] was a major focus of Victorian doctors.<ref name="self2016">{{REFjournal
 +
|url=https://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/386/302
 +
|title=The Rise of Circumcision in Victorian America
 +
|first=Eleanor
 +
|last=Self
 +
|author-link=Eleanor Self
 +
|journal=The Alexandrian
 +
|volume=5
 +
|issue=1
 +
|date=2016
 +
|accessdate=2022-09-02
 +
|format=PDF
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
When gentiles in Germany criticized the Jewish practice of [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision]] as "barbaric", Jewish doctors in Germany invented false claims that circumcision could prevent a variety of diseases.<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Ephron
 +
|first=John M.
 +
|init=JM
 +
|year=2001
 +
|title=Medicine and the German Jews
 +
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203164223/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/ephron1/
 +
|pages=222-3
 +
|isbn=0-300-08377-7
 +
|accessdate=2021-10-30
 +
}}</ref> American Jewish doctors exhibited similar behavior.
 +
 
 +
Doctors were eager to claim that they could prevent and cure many of these aliments, conditions and diseases because there were no treatments available then. Even though all of these claims have been throughly discredited, circumcision has remained a solution in search of a problem ever since. Many Americans are surprised to find out that female genital cutting ([[FGC]]) shares a strikingly similar history in the United States.  
 +
<ref name="Kellogg1888"/><ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Morris
 
  |last=Morris
 
  |first=Robert Tuttle
 
  |first=Robert Tuttle
 +
|init=RT
 
  |title=Is evolution trying to do away with the clitoris?
 
  |title=Is evolution trying to do away with the clitoris?
 
  |journal=American Association of OB/GYNs
 
  |journal=American Association of OB/GYNs
 
  |date=1892
 
  |date=1892
 
  |volume=5
 
  |volume=5
|issue=
 
 
  |pages=288-302
 
  |pages=288-302
|url=
+
}}</ref><ref name="McFarland1898">{{REFjournal
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="McFarland1898">{{REFjournal
 
 
  |last=McFarland
 
  |last=McFarland
 
  |first=T. Scott
 
  |first=T. Scott
 +
|init=TS
 
  |title=Circumcision of girls
 
  |title=Circumcision of girls
 
  |journal=Journal of Orificial Surgery
 
  |journal=Journal of Orificial Surgery
 
  |date=1898-07
 
  |date=1898-07
 
  |volume=7
 
  |volume=7
|issue=
 
 
  |pages=31-33
 
  |pages=31-33
|url=
+
}}</ref><ref name="Dawson1915">{{Dawson1915}}</ref><ref name="Eskridge1918">{{Eskridge1918}}</ref><ref name="McDonald1958">{{McDonald1958}}</ref><ref name="Rathmann1959">{{Rathmann1959}}</ref>
|quote=
+
[[FGC]] was even covered by Blue Cross Blue Shield until 1977. Nowadays, many forms of [[FGC]] are now considered forms of female genital mutilation ([[FGM]]), which are banned in all western countries.
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dawson1915">{{REFjournal
 
|last=Dawson
 
|first=Benjamin E.
 
|title=Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It
 
|journal=American Journal of Clinical Medicine
 
|date=1915-06
 
|volume=22
 
|issue=66
 
|pages=520-523
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{REFjournal
 
|last=Eskridge
 
|first=Belle C.
 
|title=Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?
 
|journal=Texas State Journal of Medicine
 
|date=1918-05
 
|volume=14
 
|issue=
 
|pages=17-19
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="McDonald1958">{{REFjournal
 
|last=McDonald
 
|first=C.F.
 
|title=Circumcision of the female
 
|journal=General Practitioner
 
|date=1958-09
 
|volume=18
 
|issue=3
 
|pages=98-99
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{REFjournal
 
|last=
 
|first=
 
|title=Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique
 
|journal=General Practitioner
 
|date=1959-09
 
|volume=20
 
|issue=9
 
|pages=115-120
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
FGC was even covered by Blue Cross Blue Shield until 1977. Nowadays, many forms of FGC are now considered forms of female genital mutilation (FGM), which are banned in all western countries.
 
  
 
== History of circumcision in the western world ==
 
== History of circumcision in the western world ==
Line 291: Line 121:
 
=== 19th century ===
 
=== 19th century ===
  
* 1832 [[Claude-Francois Lallemand]] circumcises a patient to '''cure''' him '''from nocturnal seminal emissions''' (i.e. wet dreams).<ref name="Lallemand"/>
+
* 1836 [[Claude François Lallemand]] circumcises a patient to '''cure''' him '''from nocturnal seminal emissions''' (i.e. wet dreams).<ref name="Lallemand"/>
  
 
* 1845 [[Edward H. Dixon]] declares that circumcision '''prevents [[masturbation]]'''.<ref name="Dixon"/>
 
* 1845 [[Edward H. Dixon]] declares that circumcision '''prevents [[masturbation]]'''.<ref name="Dixon"/>
  
* 1855 [[Johnathon Hutchinson]] publishes his theory that circumcision '''prevents syphilis'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1855 [[Jonathan Hutchinson]] publishes his theory that circumcision '''prevents syphilis'''.<ref name="hutchinson1855">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |last=Hutchinson
  |first=Johnathon
+
  |first=Jonathan
 +
|init=J
 +
|author-link=Jonathan Hutchinson
 
  |title=On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis
 
  |title=On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis
 
  |journal=Medical Times and Gazette
 
  |journal=Medical Times and Gazette
Line 304: Line 136:
 
  |issue=844
 
  |issue=844
 
  |pages=542-543
 
  |pages=542-543
|url=
+
  |accessdate=2021-09-04
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
  |accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1865 [[Nathaniel Heckford]] claims that circumcision '''cures epilepsy'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1865 [[Nathaniel Heckford]] claims that circumcision '''cures epilepsy'''.<ref>{{Heckford1865}}</ref>
|last=Heckford
 
|first=Nathaniel
 
|title=Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea
 
|journal=Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital
 
|date=1865
 
|volume=2
 
|issue=
 
|pages=58-64
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1870 [[Lewis A. Sayre]] publishes a paper 'proving' that circumcision '''cures epilepsy'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1870 [[Lewis A. Sayre]] publishes a paper 'proving' that circumcision '''cures epilepsy'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |first=Lewis A.
 
  |first=Lewis A.
 +
|init=LA
 +
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
 
  |title=Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870
 
  |title=Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870
 
  |journal=Medical Record
 
  |journal=Medical Record
Line 338: Line 152:
 
  |issue=10
 
  |issue=10
 
  |pages=231-234
 
  |pages=231-234
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 349: Line 157:
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |first=Lewis A.
 
  |first=Lewis A.
 +
|init=LA
 +
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
 
  |title=Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce
 
  |title=Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce
 
  |journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association
 
  |journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association
 
  |date=1870
 
  |date=1870
 
  |volume=21
 
  |volume=21
|issue=
 
 
  |pages=205-211
 
  |pages=205-211
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1871 [[M.J. Moses]] declares that Jews are '''immune to [[masturbation]] because of circumcision'''.<ref name="Moses1871"/>
+
* 1871 [[M. J. Moses]] declares that Jews are '''immune to [[masturbation]] because of circumcision'''.<ref name="Moses1871"/>
  
* 1873 [[Joseph Bell]] announces his discovery that circumcision '''cures bed wetting'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1873 [[Joseph Bell]] announces his discovery that circumcision '''cures bed wetting'''.<ref>{{Bell1873}}</ref>
|last=Bell
 
|first=Joseph
 
|title=Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision
 
|journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal
 
|date=1873-05
 
|volume=1
 
|issue=9
 
|page=1034
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1875 [[Lewis A. Sayre]] declares that '''foreskin causes curvature of the spine, paralysis of the bladder, and clubfoot'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1875 [[Lewis A. Sayre]] declares that '''foreskin causes curvature of the spine, paralysis of the bladder, and clubfoot'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |last=Sayre
 
  |first=Lewis A.
 
  |first=Lewis A.
 +
|init=LA
 +
|author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre
 
  |title=Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs
 
  |title=Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs
 
  |journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association
 
  |journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association
 
  |date=1875
 
  |date=1875
 
  |volume=26
 
  |volume=26
|issue=
 
 
  |pages=255-274
 
  |pages=255-274
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1879 [[H.H. Kane]] 'discovers' that circumcision '''cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1879 [[H. H. Kane]] 'discovers' that circumcision '''cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia'''.<ref>{{Kane1879}}</ref>
|last=Kane
 
|first=H.H.
 
|title=Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure
 
|journal=Southern Clinic
 
|date=1879-10
 
|volume=2
 
|issue=1
 
|pages=8-11
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 1881 [[Maximillian Landesburg]] announces that circumcision '''cures eye problems''' that he believed were '''caused by [[masturbation]]'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1881 [[Maximillian Landesberg]] announces that circumcision '''cures eye problems''' that he believed were '''caused by [[masturbation]]'''.<ref>{{Landesberg1881}}</ref>
|last=Landesburg
 
|first=Maximillian
 
|title=On affections of the eye caused by masturbation
 
|journal=Medical Bulletin
 
|date=1881-04
 
|volume=3
 
|issue=4
 
|pages=79-81
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 1886 [[William G. Eggleston]] declares that '''foreskin causes crossed eyes'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1886 [[William G. Eggleston]] declares that '''foreskin causes crossed eyes'''.<ref>{{Eggleston1886}}</ref>
|last=Eggleston
 
|first=William G.
 
|title=Two cases of reflex paraplegia(one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis
 
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
 
|date=1886-05-08
 
|volume=6
 
|issue=19
 
|pages=511-515
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 1888 [[John Harvey Kellogg]] promotes '''circumcision as punishment''' for boys to discourage them from masturbating.<ref>{{REFbook
+
* 1888 [[John Harvey Kellogg]] promotes '''circumcision as punishment''' for boys to discourage them from masturbating.<ref>{{Kellogg1888}}</ref>
|last=Kellogg
 
|first=John Harvey
 
|year=1888
 
|title=Plain Facts for Old and Young
 
|url=https://archive.org/details/plainfaorold00kell/page/390
 
|work=
 
|editor=
 
|edition=
 
|volume=
 
|chapter=
 
|pages=107
 
|location=Burlington, Iowa
 
|publisher=F. Segner & Co
 
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=2019-09-24
 
|note=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 1890 [[William D. Gentry]] declares that circumcision cures blindness, deafness and dumbness.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1890 [[William D. Gentry]] declares that circumcision '''cures blindness, deafness and dumbness.'''<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Gentry
 
  |last=Gentry
 
  |first=William D.
 
  |first=William D.
 +
|init=WD
 +
|author-link=William D. Gentry
 
  |title=Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys
 
  |title=Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys
 
  |journal=Medical Current
 
  |journal=Medical Current
  |date=Jul 1890
+
  |date=1890-07
 
  |volume=6
 
  |volume=6
 
  |issue=7
 
  |issue=7
 
  |pages=268-274
 
  |pages=268-274
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1891 [[Johnathan Hutchinson]] declares that '''foreskin encourages boys to masturbate'''.<ref name="Hutchinson1891"/>
+
* 1891 [[Jonathan Hutchinson]] declares that '''foreskin encourages boys to masturbate'''.<ref name="Hutchinson1891"/>
  
 
* 1893 [[Mark J. Lehman]] demands immediate implementation of mass circumcision of all American boys.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1893 [[Mark J. Lehman]] demands immediate implementation of mass circumcision of all American boys.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Lehman
 
  |last=Lehman
 
  |first=Mark J.
 
  |first=Mark J.
 +
|init=MJ
 
  |title=A plea for circumcision
 
  |title=A plea for circumcision
 
  |journal=Medical Review
 
  |journal=Medical Review
Line 498: Line 215:
 
  |issue=4
 
  |issue=4
 
  |pages=65-65
 
  |pages=65-65
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1894 [[P.C. Remondino]] says '''circumcising blacks will help prevent them from raping whites'''.<ref name="Remondino1894"/>
+
* 1894 [[Peter Charles Remondino]] says '''circumcising blacks will help prevent them from raping whites'''.<ref name="Remondino1894"/>
  
* 1894 [[H.L. Rosenberry]] publishes paper 'proving' that circumcision '''cures urinary and rectal incontinence'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1894 [[H. L. Rosenberry]] publishes paper 'proving' that circumcision '''cures urinary and rectal incontinence'''.<ref>{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>
|last=Rosenberry
 
|first=H.L.
 
|title=Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision
 
|journal=Medical Record
 
|date=1894-08-11
 
|volume=4
 
|issue=6
 
|page=173
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1898 [[T. Scott McFarland]] says he has "circumcised as many girls as boys, and always with happy results."<ref name="McFarland1898"/>
 
* 1898 [[T. Scott McFarland]] says he has "circumcised as many girls as boys, and always with happy results."<ref name="McFarland1898"/>
Line 529: Line 225:
 
=== 20st century ===
 
=== 20st century ===
  
* 1900 [[Johnathan Hutchinson]] advises circumcision as way to '''decrease the pleasure of sex''', and hence to '''discourage sexual immorality'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1900 [[Jonathan Hutchinson]] advises circumcision as way to '''decrease the pleasure of sex''', and hence to '''discourage sexual immorality'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hutchinson
 
  |last=Hutchinson
  |first=Johnathan
+
  |first=Jonathan
 +
|init=J
 +
|author-link=Jonathan Hutchinson
 
  |title=The advantages of circumcision
 
  |title=The advantages of circumcision
 
  |journal=The Polyclinic
 
  |journal=The Polyclinic
Line 538: Line 236:
 
  |issue=9
 
  |issue=9
 
  |pages=129-131
 
  |pages=129-131
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1901 [[Ernest G. Mark]] notes that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" inner lining of the foreskin may encourage a child to masturbate, which is why he recommends circumcision since it "lessens the sensitiveness of the organ". <ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1901 [[Ernest G. Mark]] notes that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" inner lining of the foreskin may encourage a child to masturbate, which is why he recommends circumcision since it "lessens the sensitiveness of the organ".<ref>{{Mark1901}}</ref>
|last=Mark
 
|first=Ernest G.
 
|title=Circumcision
 
|journal=American Practitioner and News
 
|date=1901-02-15
 
|volume=31
 
|issue=4
 
|pages=122-126
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 1902 [[Roswell Park]] publishes paper 'proving' that '''foreskin causes epilepsy''' and that circumcision cures it.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1902 [[Roswell Park]] publishes paper 'proving' that '''foreskin causes epilepsy''' and that circumcision cures it.<ref>{{Park1902}}</ref>
|last=Park
 
|first=Roswell
 
|title=The surgical treatment of epilepsy
 
|journal=American Medicine
 
|date=1902-11-22
 
|volume=4
 
|issue=21
 
|pages=807-809
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1914 [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] claims that circumcision '''prevents tuberculosis''' and demands the compulsory circumcision of all children in America.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1914 [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] claims that circumcision '''prevents tuberculosis''' and demands the compulsory circumcision of all children in America.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |first=Abraham L.
 
  |first=Abraham L.
 +
|init=AL
 
  |title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
 
  |title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
 
  |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
 
  |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
Line 589: Line 252:
 
  |issue=2
 
  |issue=2
 
  |pages=92-97
 
  |pages=92-97
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
* 1915 [[Benjamin E. Dawson]] says that since the '''clitoral hood is the source of many neuroses''', female circumcision is necessary.<ref name="Dawson1915"/>
 
* 1915 [[Benjamin E. Dawson]] says that since the '''clitoral hood is the source of many neuroses''', female circumcision is necessary.<ref name="Dawson1915"/>
  
* 1918 [[Belle Eskridge]] concludes circumcision will '''relieve one of the greatest causes of [[masturbation]]''' in girls.<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>
+
* 1918 [[Belle C. Eskridge]] concludes circumcision will '''relieve one of the greatest causes of [[masturbation]]''' in girls.<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>
  
* 1926 [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] claims that circumcision '''prevents penile cancer'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1926 [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] claims that circumcision '''prevents penile cancer'''.<ref name="wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |last=Wolbarst
 
  |first=Abraham L.
 
  |first=Abraham L.
 +
|init=AL
 
  |title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?
 
  |title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?
 
  |journal=Cancer
 
  |journal=Cancer
Line 609: Line 267:
 
  |volume=3
 
  |volume=3
 
  |issue=4
 
  |issue=4
  |pages=301-310
+
  |pages=301-10
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1930 [[Norton Henry Bare]] claims that he has cured a boy of '''epilepsy''' by circumcising him.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1930 [[Norton Henry Bare]] claims that he has cured a boy of '''epilepsy''' and '''bed-wetting''' by circumcising him.<ref>{{Bare1930}}</ref>
|last=Bare
 
|first=Norton Henry
 
|title=Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case
 
|journal=The China Medical Journal
 
|date=1930-11
 
|volume=4
 
|issue=11
 
|pages=1109-1113
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
 
[[File:Single_mogen.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Gomco|Gomco]] and [[Mogen|Mogen]] clamps.]]
 
[[File:Single_mogen.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Gomco|Gomco]] and [[Mogen|Mogen]] clamps.]]
  
* 1934 [[Aaron Goldstein]] and [[Hiram S. Yellen]] invent and mass market the [[Gomco]] clamp which makes it easier for doctors to cut off even more skin than in traditional circumcisions.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1934 [[Aaron Goldstein]] and [[Hiram S. Yellen]] invent and mass market the [[Gomco]] clamp which makes it easier for doctors to cut off even more [[skin]] than in traditional circumcisions.<ref>{{GoldsteinYellen1935}}</ref>
|last=Goldstein
 
|first=Aaron
 
|first2=Hiram S.
 
|last2=Yellen
 
|title=Bloodless circumcision of the newborn
 
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
 
|date=1935-07
 
|volume=30
 
|issue=1
 
|pages=146-147
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1935 [[R. W. Cockshut]] demands that all boys be circumcised in order to '''desensitize the penis and promote chastity'''.<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>
 
* 1935 [[R. W. Cockshut]] demands that all boys be circumcised in order to '''desensitize the penis and promote chastity'''.<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>
  
* 1941 [[Allan F. Guttmacher]] promotes mass circumcision as a means of '''blunting male sexual sensitivity'''. He also spreads the false claim that a baby's foreskin must be forcibly retracted and scrubbed daily.<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
+
* 1941 [[Alan F. Guttmacher]] promotes mass circumcision as a means of '''blunting male sexual sensitivity'''. He also spreads the false claim that a baby's foreskin must be forcibly retracted and scrubbed daily.<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>
  
* 1942 [[Abraham Ravich]] claims that circumcision prevents '''prostate cancer'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1942 [[Abraham Ravich]] claims that circumcision prevents '''prostate cancer'''.<ref>{{Ravich1942}}</ref>
|last=Ravich
 
|first=Abraham
 
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
 
|title=The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate
 
|journal=Journal of Urology
 
|date=1942-09
 
|volume=48
 
|issue=3
 
|pages=298-299
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1949 [[Eugene H. Hand]] declares that circumcision '''prevents venereal disease and cancer of the tongue'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1949 [[Eugene H. Hand]] declares that circumcision '''prevents venereal disease and cancer of the tongue'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hand
 
  |last=Hand
 
  |first=Eugene H.
 
  |first=Eugene H.
 +
|init=EH
 
  |author-link=Eugene H. Hand
 
  |author-link=Eugene H. Hand
 +
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135844/
 
  |title=Circumcision and venereal disease
 
  |title=Circumcision and venereal disease
 
  |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology
 
  |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology
Line 686: Line 292:
 
  |volume=60
 
  |volume=60
 
  |issue=3
 
  |issue=3
  |pages=341-346
+
  |pages341-6
|url=
+
  |pubmedID=18135844
|quote=
+
  |DOI=10.1001/archderm.1949.01530030037004
  |pubmedID=
+
  |accessdate=2021-10-08
|pubmedCID=
 
  |DOI=
 
  |accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 698: Line 301:
 
  |last=Gairdner
 
  |last=Gairdner
 
  |first=Douglas
 
  |first=Douglas
 +
|init=D
 
  |author-link=Douglas Gairdner
 
  |author-link=Douglas Gairdner
 
  |title=The fate of the foreskin
 
  |title=The fate of the foreskin
Line 706: Line 310:
 
  |pages=1433-1437
 
  |pages=1433-1437
 
  |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2051968/pdf/brmedj03656-0009.pdf
 
  |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2051968/pdf/brmedj03656-0009.pdf
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1951 [[Abraham Ravich]] invents claims that circumcision prevents '''cervical cancer in women'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1951 [[Abraham Ravich]] invents claims that circumcision prevents '''cervical cancer in women'''.<ref>{{Ravich1951}}</ref>
|last=Ravich
 
|first=Abraham
 
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
 
|title=Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision
 
|journal=New York State Journal of Medicine
 
|date=1951-06
 
|volume=51
 
|issue=12
 
|pages=1519-1520
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 1953 [[R.L. Miller]] and [[D.C. Snyder]] unleash their plans to circumcise all male babies immediately after birth while still in the delivery room to '''prevent [[masturbation]]''' and '''provide "immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness."'''<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
+
* 1953 [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]] unleash their plans to circumcise all male babies immediately after birth while still in the delivery room to '''prevent [[masturbation]]''' and '''provide "immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness."'''<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>
  
* 1954 [[Ernest L. Wynder]] claims that male circumcision '''prevents cervical cancer in women.'''<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1954 [[Ernest L. Wynder]] claims that male circumcision '''prevents cervical cancer in women.'''<ref>{{Wynder1954}}</ref>
|last=Wynder
 
|first=Ernest L.
 
|author-link=Ernest L. Wynder
 
|title=A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix
 
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
 
|date=1954-10
 
|volume=68
 
|issue=4
 
|pages=10166-52 (??)
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1956 [[Raymond Creelman]] invents the [[Circumstraint]] which straps down and immobilizes the baby's arms and legs.<ref>{{REFdocument
 
* 1956 [[Raymond Creelman]] invents the [[Circumstraint]] which straps down and immobilizes the baby's arms and legs.<ref>{{REFdocument
 
  |title=USPTO patent number RE24,377
 
  |title=USPTO patent number RE24,377
|url=
 
 
  |publisher=USPTO
 
  |publisher=USPTO
|format=
 
 
  |date=1957-10-15
 
  |date=1957-10-15
 
  |accessdate=2019-09-19
 
  |accessdate=2019-09-19
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1958 [[C.F. McDonald]] says "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958"/>
+
* 1958 [[Christine F. McDonald]] says "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."<ref name="McDonald1958"/>
  
* 1959 [[W.G. Rathmann]] finds that among the many benefits of female circumcision is that it will '''make the clitoris easier for the husband to find'''.<ref name="Rathmann1959"/>
+
* 1959 [[W. G. Rathmann]] finds that among the many benefits of female circumcision is that it will '''make the [[clitoris]] easier for the husband to find'''.<ref name="Rathmann1959"/>
  
 
* 1966 Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is '''no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without [[foreskin]]'''.<br>(Note: Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that [[circumcision]] has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref>{{REFbook
 
* 1966 Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is '''no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without [[foreskin]]'''.<br>(Note: Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that [[circumcision]] has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)<ref>{{REFbook
  |last=Masters and Johnson
+
  |last=Masters & Johnson
|first=
 
 
  |year=1966
 
  |year=1966
 
  |title=Human Sexual Response
 
  |title=Human Sexual Response
|url=
+
  |location=Boston, MA
|work=
+
  |publisher=Little Brown & Co.
|editor=
 
|edition=
 
|volume=
 
|chapter=
 
|pages=
 
  |location=Boston, Ma
 
  |publisher=Little Brown & Co
 
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=
 
|note=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
* 1969 [[Morris Fishbein]] calls for circumcision to '''prevent nervousness and''' of course also '''[[masturbation]]'''.<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
 
* 1969 [[Morris Fishbein]] calls for circumcision to '''prevent nervousness and''' of course also '''[[masturbation]]'''.<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>
  
* 1971 [[Abraham Ravich]] claims that circumcision prevents cancer of the bladder and the rectum.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1971 [[Abraham Ravich]] claims that circumcision prevents cancer of the bladder and the rectum.<ref>{{Ravich1971}}</ref>
|last=Ravich
 
|first=Abraham
 
|author-link=Abraham Ravich
 
|title=Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs
 
|journal=Cancer
 
|date=1971-06
 
|volume=27
 
|issue=6
 
|pages=1493-1496
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 1971 The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] Committee on Fetus and Newborn issues a warning to the Nation that, "There are no valid medical indications for circumcision in the neonatal period."<ref>{{REFbook
+
* 1971 The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] Committee on [[Fetus]] and Newborn issues a warning to the Nation that, "There are no valid medical indications for circumcision in the neonatal period."<ref>{{REFbook
 
  |last=Evanston
 
  |last=Evanston
 
  |first=Ill
 
  |first=Ill
 +
|init=I
 
  |year=1971
 
  |year=1971
 
  |title=Hospital Care of Newborn Infants
 
  |title=Hospital Care of Newborn Infants
|url=
 
|work=
 
|editor=
 
 
  |edition=5th Edition
 
  |edition=5th Edition
|volume=
 
 
  |chapter=Committee on Fetus and Newborn Issues. Circumcision
 
  |chapter=Committee on Fetus and Newborn Issues. Circumcision
 
  |page=110
 
  |page=110
|location=
 
 
  |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
 
  |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=
 
|note=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
* 1973 [[R. Dagher]], [[Melvin Selzer]], and [[Jack Lapides]] declare that anyone who disagrees with their agenda to impose mass circumcision on America is deluded.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1973 [[R. Dagher]], [[Melvin Selzer]], and [[Jack Lapides]] declare that anyone who disagrees with their agenda to impose mass circumcision on America is deluded.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Dagher
 
  |last=Dagher
  |first=R.
+
  |init=R
 
  |author-link=R. Dagher
 
  |author-link=R. Dagher
 +
|last2=Selzer
 
  |first2=Melvin
 
  |first2=Melvin
  |last2=Selzer
+
  |init2=M
 
  |author2-link=Melvin Selzer
 
  |author2-link=Melvin Selzer
 +
|last3=Lapides
 
  |first3=Jack
 
  |first3=Jack
  |last3=Lapides
+
  |init3=J
 
  |author3-link=Jack Lapides
 
  |author3-link=Jack Lapides
 
  |title=Carcinoma of the penis and the anti-circumcision crusade
 
  |title=Carcinoma of the penis and the anti-circumcision crusade
Line 840: Line 371:
 
  |issue=1
 
  |issue=1
 
  |pages=79-80
 
  |pages=79-80
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 855: Line 380:
 
  |date=1975
 
  |date=1975
 
  |volume=56
 
  |volume=56
|issue=
 
 
  |pages=610-611
 
  |pages=610-611
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 868: Line 386:
 
  |last=Spock
 
  |last=Spock
 
  |first=Benjamin
 
  |first=Benjamin
  |year=
+
  |init=B
 
  |title=Baby and Child Care
 
  |title=Baby and Child Care
|url=
 
|work=
 
|editor=
 
|edition=
 
|volume=
 
|chapter=
 
 
  |pages=1946-1976
 
  |pages=1946-1976
 
  |location=New York
 
  |location=New York
 
  |publisher=E P Dutten
 
  |publisher=E P Dutten
|isbn=
 
|quote=
 
|accessdate=
 
|note=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 888: Line 396:
 
  |last=Wiswell
 
  |last=Wiswell
 
  |first=Thomas E.
 
  |first=Thomas E.
 +
|init=TE
 
  |author-link=Thomas E. Wiswell
 
  |author-link=Thomas E. Wiswell
 
  |title=Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants
 
  |title=Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants
Line 895: Line 404:
 
  |issue=5
 
  |issue=5
 
  |pages=901-903
 
  |pages=901-903
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1986 [[Aaron J. Fink]] claims that circumcision '''prevents AIDS'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1986 [[Aaron J. Fink]] claims that circumcision '''prevents [[AIDS]]'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 +
|init=AJ
 
  |author-link=Aaron J. Fink
 
  |author-link=Aaron J. Fink
 
  |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS
 
  |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS
Line 913: Line 417:
 
  |issue=18
 
  |issue=18
 
  |page=1167
 
  |page=1167
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 924: Line 422:
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 +
|init=AJ
 
  |author-link=Aaron J. Fink
 
  |author-link=Aaron J. Fink
 
  |title=Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease
 
  |title=Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease
Line 931: Line 430:
 
  |issue=2
 
  |issue=2
 
  |pages=534-535
 
  |pages=534-535
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 942: Line 435:
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 +
|init=EJ
 
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
 
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
 
  |title=Report of the Task Force on Circumcision
 
  |title=Report of the Task Force on Circumcision
Line 949: Line 443:
 
  |issue=2
 
  |issue=2
 
  |pages=388-391
 
  |pages=388-391
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 960: Line 448:
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 +
|init=EJ
 
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
 
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
 
  |title=Is it time for Europe to reconsider newborn circumcision?
 
  |title=Is it time for Europe to reconsider newborn circumcision?
Line 967: Line 456:
 
  |issue=5
 
  |issue=5
 
  |pages=573-577
 
  |pages=573-577
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
Line 978: Line 461:
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |last=Fink
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 
  |first=Aaron J.
 +
|init=AJ
 
  |author-link=Aaron J. Fink
 
  |author-link=Aaron J. Fink
 
  |title=Circumcision and sand
 
  |title=Circumcision and sand
Line 985: Line 469:
 
  |issue=11
 
  |issue=11
 
  |page=696
 
  |page=696
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1996 [[J.R. Taylor]] finds that the average amount of amputated foreskin was nearly half of the total penile skin.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1996 [[John R. Taylor]] finds that the average amount of amputated foreskin was nearly half of the total [[penile skin]].<ref>{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref>
|last=Taylor
 
|first=J.R.
 
|author-link=John R. Taylor
 
|last2=Lockwood
 
|first2=A.P.
 
|last3=Taylor
 
|first3=A.J.
 
|title=The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision
 
|journal=British Journal of Urology
 
|date=1996-02
 
|volume=77
 
|issue=
 
|pages=291-295
 
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taylor/
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1997 [[Edgar J. Schoen]] tries and fails once again to convince European countries to institute mass circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1997 [[Edgar J. Schoen]] tries and fails once again to convince European countries to institute mass circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 +
|init=EJ
 
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
 
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
 
  |title=Benefits of newborn circumcision: Is Europe ignoring the medical evidence?
 
  |title=Benefits of newborn circumcision: Is Europe ignoring the medical evidence?
Line 1,025: Line 484:
 
  |issue=33
 
  |issue=33
 
  |pages=258-260
 
  |pages=258-260
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 1997 [[Janice Lander]] discovers that '''circumcision without anesthesia is traumatic for babies'''.<br>(Note: Before this, almost all infant circumcisions were done without anesthetic due to the prevalent belief among circumcisers that babies are not capable of feeling significant pain and if they could it doesn't matter since they won't be able to remember it.)<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 1997 [[Janice Lander]] discovers that '''circumcision without anesthesia is traumatic for babies'''.<br>(Note: Before this, almost all infant circumcisions were done without anesthetic due to the prevalent belief among circumcisers that babies are not capable of feeling significant pain and if they could it doesn't matter since they won't be able to remember it.)<ref>{{LanderJ etal 1997}}</ref>
|last=Lander
 
|first=Janice
 
|author-link=Janice Lander
 
|title=Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision
 
|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association
 
|date=1997-12
 
|volume=274
 
|issue=24
 
|pages=2157-2162
 
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/lander/
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
* 1998 [[Howard J. Stang]], inventor of an upright circumcision restraint fails to mention this conflict of interest in his article promoting infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1998 [[Howard J. Stang]], inventor of an upright circumcision restraint fails to mention this conflict of interest in his article promoting infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Stang
 
  |last=Stang
 
  |first=Howard J.
 
  |first=Howard J.
 +
|init=HJ
 
  |author-link=Howard J. Stang
 
  |author-link=Howard J. Stang
 
  |title=Patent #5,160,185, Infant support and restraint system 1992, Circumcision Practice Patterns in the United States
 
  |title=Patent #5,160,185, Infant support and restraint system 1992, Circumcision Practice Patterns in the United States
Line 1,061: Line 499:
 
  |issue=6
 
  |issue=6
 
  |page=E5
 
  |page=E5
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
* 1999 [[John R. Taylor]], after studying the foreskin's specialized innervation, concludes that it is the "primary erogenous tissue necessary for normal sexual function."<ref>{{REFjournal
 
* 1999 [[John R. Taylor]], after studying the foreskin's specialized innervation, concludes that it is the "primary erogenous tissue necessary for normal sexual function."<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Taylor
 
  |last=Taylor
  |first=J.R.
+
  |init=JR
 
  |author-link=John R. Taylor
 
  |author-link=John R. Taylor
 
  |title=The prepuce
 
  |title=The prepuce
Line 1,080: Line 512:
 
  |pages=34-44
 
  |pages=34-44
 
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-taylor/
 
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-taylor/
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
* 1999 The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] Task Force on Circumcision, after reviewing 40 years worth of medical studies, concluded that the "potential medical benefits of newborn male circumcision... are not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision." This report is also the first time the AAP has acknowledged (after decades of doctors mindlessly repeating the belief that babies don't feel significant pain) that circumcision without anesthesia is traumatic and if circumcision is to be done, anesthesia should be used. Here are some highlights from the report:
 
* 1999 The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] Task Force on Circumcision, after reviewing 40 years worth of medical studies, concluded that the "potential medical benefits of newborn male circumcision... are not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision." This report is also the first time the AAP has acknowledged (after decades of doctors mindlessly repeating the belief that babies don't feel significant pain) that circumcision without anesthesia is traumatic and if circumcision is to be done, anesthesia should be used. Here are some highlights from the report:
 
::'''Role of Hygiene:''' "there is little evidence to affirm the association between circumcision status and optimum penile hygiene."
 
::'''Role of Hygiene:''' "there is little evidence to affirm the association between circumcision status and optimum penile hygiene."
::'''STDs including HIV:''' "behavioral factors appear to be far more important than circumcision status."
+
::'''STDs including [[HIV]]:''' "behavioral factors appear to be far more important than circumcision status."
::'''Penile Cancer:''' "in a developed country such as the United States, penile cancer is a rare disease and the risk of penile cancer developing in an uncircumcised man, although increased compared with a circumcised man, is low."
+
::'''Penile Cancer:''' "in a developed country such as the United States, penile cancer is a rare disease and the risk of penile cancer developing in an [[uncircumcised]] man, although increased compared with a circumcised man, is low."
::'''Urinary Tract Infections:''' "breastfeeding was shown to have a threefold protective effect on the incidence of UTI in a sample of uncircumcised infants. However, breastfeeding status has not been evaluated systematically in studies assessing UTI and circumcision status." meaning that the earlier UTIs studies results were confounded. Even if their numbers were accurate, in order to prevent one UTI during the first year of life by circumcising a baby boy, approximately 195 babies who will not get a UTI would need to be circumcised. Also infant girls commonly develop UTIs(in some studies at even higher rates than infant boys) and the standard treatment for them is antibiotics which works just as well for infant boys with UTIs. The AAP concludes this section noting that "the absolute risk of developing a UTI in an uncircumcised male infant is low (at most, ~1%)".
+
::'''Urinary Tract Infections:''' "breastfeeding was shown to have a threefold protective effect on the incidence of UTI in a sample of [[uncircumcised]] infants. However, breastfeeding status has not been evaluated systematically in studies assessing UTI and circumcision status." meaning that the earlier UTIs studies results were confounded. Even if their numbers were accurate, in order to prevent one UTI during the first year of life by circumcising a baby boy, approximately 195 babies who will not get a UTI would need to be circumcised. Also infant girls commonly develop UTIs(in some studies at even higher rates than infant boys) and the standard treatment for them is antibiotics which works just as well for infant boys with UTIs. The AAP concludes this section noting that "the absolute risk of developing a UTI in an [[uncircumcised]] male infant is low (at most, ~1%)".
 
::'''Ethics:''' Here they say while even though cutting off part of your baby's genitalia "is not essential to the child's current well-being" they are perfectly fine with parents and doctors using cultural tradition as justification.<br>(Note: The report does not mention whether they also think cultural tradition is an acceptable reason to anesthetize infant girls and then cut off their clitoral hoods(which are biologically analogous to foreskin)).<ref>{{REFjournal
 
::'''Ethics:''' Here they say while even though cutting off part of your baby's genitalia "is not essential to the child's current well-being" they are perfectly fine with parents and doctors using cultural tradition as justification.<br>(Note: The report does not mention whether they also think cultural tradition is an acceptable reason to anesthetize infant girls and then cut off their clitoral hoods(which are biologically analogous to foreskin)).<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=American Academy of Pediatrics
 
  |last=American Academy of Pediatrics
|first=
 
 
  |title=Task Force on Circumcision. Circumcision Policy Statement
 
  |title=Task Force on Circumcision. Circumcision Policy Statement
 
  |journal=Pediatrics
 
  |journal=Pediatrics
Line 1,101: Line 527:
 
  |issue=3
 
  |issue=3
 
  |pages=686-693
 
  |pages=686-693
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
=== 21st century ===
 
=== 21st century ===
  
* 2002 [[W.K. Nahm]] extends the storage life of specialized cell cultures derived from "freshly harvested neonatal foreskin tissue."<br>(Note: Since the 1980s, some amputated infant foreskins have been sold without the knowledge of the parents to biomedical companies for research and even use in commercial cosmetic products such as anti-wrinkle creams.)<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 2002 [[W. K. Nahm]] extends the storage life of specialized cell cultures derived from "freshly harvested neonatal foreskin tissue."<br>(Note: Since the 1980s, some amputated infant foreskins have been sold without the knowledge of the parents to biomedical companies for research and even use in commercial cosmetic products such as anti-wrinkle creams.)<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Nahm
 
  |last=Nahm
  |first=W.K.
+
  |init=WK
 
  |title=Sustained ability for fibroblast outgrowth from stored neonatal foreskin
 
  |title=Sustained ability for fibroblast outgrowth from stored neonatal foreskin
 
  |journal=Journal of Dermatology Science
 
  |journal=Journal of Dermatology Science
Line 1,120: Line 540:
 
  |issue=2
 
  |issue=2
 
  |pages=152-158
 
  |pages=152-158
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 2003 [[Edgar J. Schoen]] steps up pressure on [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] to reverse its policy on circumcision, claiming that circumcision prevents AIDS.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 2003 [[Edgar J. Schoen]] steps up pressure on [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] to reverse its policy on circumcision, falsely claiming that circumcision prevents [[AIDS]].<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |last=Schoen
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 
  |first=Edgar J.
 +
|init=EJ
 
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
 
  |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
 
  |title=It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy
 
  |title=It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy
Line 1,138: Line 553:
 
  |issue=6 Pt 1
 
  |issue=6 Pt 1
 
  |pages=1490-1491
 
  |pages=1490-1491
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
* 2005 [[R.Y. Stallings]] finds that HIV rates are significantly lower in circumcised women.<br>(Note: There was no WHO call for mass female circumcision to help prevent AIDS)<ref>{{REFconference
+
* 2005 [[R. Y. Stallings]] finds that [[HIV]] rates are significantly lower in circumcised women.<br>(Note: There was no WHO call for mass female circumcision to help prevent [[AIDS]].)<ref>{{Stallings2005}}</ref>
|place=Rio de Janeiro
+
 
|title=Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?
+
* 2007 [[Robert C. Bailey]] ends his study early with the conclusion '''touting circumcision as a 'vaccine' that prevents [[HIV]] infection'''.<br>(Note: This and other similar studies were widely reported throughout the American media.)<ref>{{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}</ref>
|url=
+
 
|last=Stallings
+
* 2007 [[Lot de Witte]] finds that '''[[Langerhans cells]] found in the foreskin are a natural barrier to [[HIV]] infection'''.<br>(Note: This and other similar studies were widely ignored throughout the American media.)<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref>
|first=R.Y.
+
 
|source=Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment
+
* 2007 [[Morris L. Sorrells]] ''et al.'' tests the relative sensitivity of the [[penis]] and finds that the '''[[foreskin]] is the most sensitive part of the [[penis]] and the [[glans]] is the least'''.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref>
|date=2005-07-25
 
|note=25-27 July 2005
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 2007 [[Robert C. Bailey]] ends his study early with the conclusion '''touting circumcision as a 'vaccine' that prevents HIV infection'''.<br>(Note: This and other similar studies were widely reported throughout the American media.)<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 2012 The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP), a [[medical trade association]], issued a self-serving pro-circumcision policy statement.
|last=Bailey
 
|first=Robert C.
 
|author-link=Robert C. Bailey
 
|title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention for young men in Kisumu, Kenya
 
|journal=Lancet
 
|date=2007
 
|volume=369
 
|issue=9562
 
|pages=643-656
 
|url=
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|accessdate=
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 2007 [[L. de Witte]] finds that '''[[Langerhans cells]] found in the foreskin are a natural barrier to HIV infection'''.<br>(Note: This and other similar studies were widely ignored throughout the American media.)<ref>{{REFjournal
+
* 2017 The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) allowed its Circumcision Policy Statement to expire with being re-affirmed due to the severe and unrelenting adverse comment from many sources. The AAP now has NO official position on child circumcision.
|last=de Witte
 
|first=L.
 
|author-link=L. de Witte
 
|title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells
 
|journal=Nature Medicine
 
|volume=
 
|issue=13
 
|pages=367-371
 
|url=http://icgi.org/Downloads/IAS/de_Witte.pd
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|date=2007
 
|accessdate=2019-09-24
 
}}</ref>
 
  
* 2007 [[Morris L. Sorrells]] ''et al.'' tests the relative sensitivity of the penis and finds that the '''foreskin is the most sensitive part of the penis and the glans is the least'''.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
{{SEEALSO}}
|last=Sorrells
+
* [[Alleged reasons for circumcision]]
|first=Morris L.
+
* [[Lewis Albert Sayre]]
|author-link=Morris L. Sorrells
+
* [[Peter Charles Remondino]]
|title=Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis
+
* [[Abraham L. Wolbarst|Abraham Leo Wolbarst]]
|journal=British Journal of Urology International
+
* [[United Kingdom]]
|volume=99
+
* [[United States of America]]
|issue=
 
|pages=864-869
 
|url=http://www.nocirc.org/touch-test/bju_6685.pdf
 
|quote=
 
|pubmedID=
 
|pubmedCID=
 
|DOI=
 
|date=2007
 
|accessdate=2019-09-24
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
{{LINKS}}
 
{{LINKS}}
 
+
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Chronology.html#sin
 +
|title=A Chronology of the Foreskin and Circumcision
 +
|last=Young
 +
|first=Hugh
 +
|date=2016
 +
|accessdate=2021-10-03
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://old.reddit.com/r/Intactivists/wiki/timelineofintactivism
 +
|title=Timeline of Intactivism in medical literature and popular media
 +
|accessdate=2020-06-06
 +
}}
 +
* {{GollaherDL 1994}}
 
* {{REFjournal
 
* {{REFjournal
  |last=Gollaher
+
  |last=Dunsmuir
  |first=David L.
+
  |first=
 +
|init=WD
 +
|author-link=
 +
|last2=Gordon
 +
|first2=
 +
|init2=EM
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=The history of circumcision
 +
|journal=BJU Int
 +
|date=1999-01-01
 +
|volume=83
 +
|issue=Suppl 1
 +
|pages=1-12
 +
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/dunsmuir1/?source=post_page--
 +
|pubmedID=1034940
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1001.x.
 +
|accessdate=2021-10-04
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFbook
 +
|last=Ephron
 +
|first=John M.
 +
|init=JM
 +
|author-link=
 +
|year=2001
 +
|title=In praise of German ritual: Modern medicine and the defense of ancient traditions
 +
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203164223/http://www.cirp.org/library/history/ephron1/
 +
|work=Medicine and the German Jews
 +
|editor=
 +
|edition=
 +
|volume=
 +
|chapter=
 +
|pages=222-233
 +
|location=New Haven, {{USSC|CT}}
 +
|publisher={{UNI|Yale University|Yale}} Press
 +
|isbn=0-300-08377-7
 +
|quote=
 +
|accessdate=2020-08-22
 +
|note=
 +
}}
 +
* www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.historyofcircumcision.com/
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=History of Circumcision
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=English
 +
|last=Darby
 +
|first=Robert
 +
|author-link=Robert Darby
 +
|publisher=
 +
|website=www.historyofcircumcision.com
 +
|date=2010
 +
|accessdate=2020-05-23
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFdocument
 +
|title=Male circumcision in the United States: The history, an analysis of the discourse, and a philosophical interpretation
 +
|url=https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1089&context=etd
 +
|archived=
 +
|contribution=
 +
|quote=
 +
|trans-quote=
 +
|quote-lang=
 +
|last=Cohen
 +
|first=Jonathan D.
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher={{UNI|DePaul University|DePaul}}
 +
|location=Chicago
 +
|format=PDF
 +
|date=2011-06
 +
|accessdate=2020-08-24
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/history/
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=History
 +
|last=Hely
 +
|first=Lou
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=Intact Australia
 +
|website=
 +
|date=
 +
|accessdate=2020-06-04
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://old.reddit.com/r/Intactivists/wiki/timelineofintactivism
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=Timeline of Intactivism in medical literature and popular media
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
|author-link=
 +
|publisher=
 +
|website=Reddit
 +
|date=2015
 +
|accessdate=2020-06-04
 +
|format=
 +
|quote=
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://intaction.org/history-of-circumcision/
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=The completely bizarre history of American circumcision
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 
  |author-link=
 
  |author-link=
  |title=From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America
+
  |publisher=Intaction
  |journal=Journal Of Social History
+
  |website=
  |date=1994-09
+
  |date=2020
  |volume=28
+
  |accessdate=2020-05-22
  |issue=1
+
  |format=
  |pages=5-36
+
  |quote=
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/gollaher/
+
}}
  |accessdate=2020-05-21
+
* {{REFweb
 +
  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516074843/http://www.historyofcircumcision.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=8&id=73&Itemid=52
 +
|title=History of Circumcision
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
|date=2011
 +
  |accessdate=2022-01-10
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
  
 +
[[Category:History]]
 
[[Category:Researcher]]
 
[[Category:Researcher]]
  

Latest revision as of 17:55, 2 July 2024

Many Americans are surprised to hear that circumcision (the surgical removal of the foreskin) is uncommon in the western world. Foreigners are often shocked when they first hear that the practice of circumcision even exists in the United States. Circumcision was first introduced in the United States by an anti-sexual Victorian initiative which began during the 1830’s. Numerous publications from the 1830’s to times even as late as the 1970’s had advocated for circumcision as a means to prevent masturbation, and to permanently desensitize, denude, and immobilize the penis.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

From Historical American Female Circumcision medical papers

Circumcision advocates quickly moved on to manufacture a number of outrageous health claims. These claims were tailored to the fears and anxieties of the day. Circumcision has been claimed to cure epilepsy, convulsions, paralysis, elephantiasis, tuberculosis, eczema, bed-wetting, hip-joint disease, fecal incontinence, rectal prolapse, wet dreams, hernia, headaches, nervousness, hysteria, poor eyesight, idiocy, mental retardation, insanity, strabismus, hydrocephalus, clubfoot, cancer, STD’s, UTI’s, etc.[12] Masturbation was a major focus of Victorian doctors.[13]

When gentiles in Germany criticized the Jewish practice of ritual circumcision as "barbaric", Jewish doctors in Germany invented false claims that circumcision could prevent a variety of diseases.[14] American Jewish doctors exhibited similar behavior.

Doctors were eager to claim that they could prevent and cure many of these aliments, conditions and diseases because there were no treatments available then. Even though all of these claims have been throughly discredited, circumcision has remained a solution in search of a problem ever since. Many Americans are surprised to find out that female genital cutting (FGC) shares a strikingly similar history in the United States. [4][15][16][17][18][19][20] FGC was even covered by Blue Cross Blue Shield until 1977. Nowadays, many forms of FGC are now considered forms of female genital mutilation (FGM), which are banned in all western countries.

History of circumcision in the western world

19th century

  • 1873 Joseph Bell announces his discovery that circumcision cures bed wetting.[25]
  • 1875 Lewis A. Sayre declares that foreskin causes curvature of the spine, paralysis of the bladder, and clubfoot.[26]
  • 1879 H. H. Kane 'discovers' that circumcision cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia.[27]
  • 1893 Mark J. Lehman demands immediate implementation of mass circumcision of all American boys.[32]
  • 1894 H. L. Rosenberry publishes paper 'proving' that circumcision cures urinary and rectal incontinence.[33]

20st century

  • 1900 Jonathan Hutchinson advises circumcision as way to decrease the pleasure of sex, and hence to discourage sexual immorality.[34]
  • 1901 Ernest G. Mark notes that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" inner lining of the foreskin may encourage a child to masturbate, which is why he recommends circumcision since it "lessens the sensitiveness of the organ".[35]
  • 1902 Roswell Park publishes paper 'proving' that foreskin causes epilepsy and that circumcision cures it.[36]
  • 1914 Abraham L. Wolbarst claims that circumcision prevents tuberculosis and demands the compulsory circumcision of all children in America.[37]
  • 1915 Benjamin E. Dawson says that since the clitoral hood is the source of many neuroses, female circumcision is necessary.[17]
  • 1930 Norton Henry Bare claims that he has cured a boy of epilepsy and bed-wetting by circumcising him.[39]
The Gomco and Mogen clamps.
  • 1935 R. W. Cockshut demands that all boys be circumcised in order to desensitize the penis and promote chastity.[7]
  • 1941 Alan F. Guttmacher promotes mass circumcision as a means of blunting male sexual sensitivity. He also spreads the false claim that a baby's foreskin must be forcibly retracted and scrubbed daily.[8]
  • 1949 Eugene H. Hand declares that circumcision prevents venereal disease and cancer of the tongue.[42]
  • 1949 Douglas Gairdner points out that the previous years cases of infant circumcision deaths were not necessary given the lack of medical justification for circumcision.
    (Note: This paper helped encourage the National Health Service to drop coverage for infant circumcision which led to the practical elimination of non- religious circumcision in the United Kingdom.)[43]
  • 1951 Abraham Ravich invents claims that circumcision prevents cervical cancer in women.[44]
  • 1953 Richard L. Miller and Donald C. Snyder unleash their plans to circumcise all male babies immediately after birth while still in the delivery room to prevent masturbation and provide "immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness."[9]
  • 1958 Christine F. McDonald says "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."[19]
  • 1959 W. G. Rathmann finds that among the many benefits of female circumcision is that it will make the clitoris easier for the husband to find.[20]
  • 1966 Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.
    (Note: Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)[47]
  • 1971 Abraham Ravich claims that circumcision prevents cancer of the bladder and the rectum.[48]
  • 1975 The American Academy of Pediatrics Task force on Circumcision declares, "There are no medical indications for routine circumcisions and the procedure cannot be considered an essential component of health care."[51]
  • 1976 Benjamin Spock, after recommending circumcision for thirty years, revises his best-selling parenting book: "I strongly recommend leaving the foreskin alone. Parents should insist on convincing reasons for circumcision — and there are no convincing reasons that I know of."[52]
  • 1988 Aaron J. Fink invents the falsehood that circumcision prevents neonatal group B streptococcal disease.[55]
  • 1991 Edgar J. Schoen tries and fails to convince European countries to institute mass circumcision.[57]
  • 1991 Aaron J. Fink declares mass circumcision is necessary to prevent sand from getting into the soldiers' foreskins.[58]
  • 1997 Edgar J. Schoen tries and fails once again to convince European countries to institute mass circumcision.[60]
  • 1997 Janice Lander discovers that circumcision without anesthesia is traumatic for babies.
    (Note: Before this, almost all infant circumcisions were done without anesthetic due to the prevalent belief among circumcisers that babies are not capable of feeling significant pain and if they could it doesn't matter since they won't be able to remember it.)[61]
  • 1998 Howard J. Stang, inventor of an upright circumcision restraint fails to mention this conflict of interest in his article promoting infant circumcision.[62]
  • 1999 John R. Taylor, after studying the foreskin's specialized innervation, concludes that it is the "primary erogenous tissue necessary for normal sexual function."[63]
  • 1999 The American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision, after reviewing 40 years worth of medical studies, concluded that the "potential medical benefits of newborn male circumcision... are not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision." This report is also the first time the AAP has acknowledged (after decades of doctors mindlessly repeating the belief that babies don't feel significant pain) that circumcision without anesthesia is traumatic and if circumcision is to be done, anesthesia should be used. Here are some highlights from the report:
Role of Hygiene: "there is little evidence to affirm the association between circumcision status and optimum penile hygiene."
STDs including HIV: "behavioral factors appear to be far more important than circumcision status."
Penile Cancer: "in a developed country such as the United States, penile cancer is a rare disease and the risk of penile cancer developing in an uncircumcised man, although increased compared with a circumcised man, is low."
Urinary Tract Infections: "breastfeeding was shown to have a threefold protective effect on the incidence of UTI in a sample of uncircumcised infants. However, breastfeeding status has not been evaluated systematically in studies assessing UTI and circumcision status." meaning that the earlier UTIs studies results were confounded. Even if their numbers were accurate, in order to prevent one UTI during the first year of life by circumcising a baby boy, approximately 195 babies who will not get a UTI would need to be circumcised. Also infant girls commonly develop UTIs(in some studies at even higher rates than infant boys) and the standard treatment for them is antibiotics which works just as well for infant boys with UTIs. The AAP concludes this section noting that "the absolute risk of developing a UTI in an uncircumcised male infant is low (at most, ~1%)".
Ethics: Here they say while even though cutting off part of your baby's genitalia "is not essential to the child's current well-being" they are perfectly fine with parents and doctors using cultural tradition as justification.
(Note: The report does not mention whether they also think cultural tradition is an acceptable reason to anesthetize infant girls and then cut off their clitoral hoods(which are biologically analogous to foreskin)).[64]

21st century

  • 2002 W. K. Nahm extends the storage life of specialized cell cultures derived from "freshly harvested neonatal foreskin tissue."
    (Note: Since the 1980s, some amputated infant foreskins have been sold without the knowledge of the parents to biomedical companies for research and even use in commercial cosmetic products such as anti-wrinkle creams.)[65]
  • 2005 R. Y. Stallings finds that HIV rates are significantly lower in circumcised women.
    (Note: There was no WHO call for mass female circumcision to help prevent AIDS.)[67]
  • 2007 Robert C. Bailey ends his study early with the conclusion touting circumcision as a 'vaccine' that prevents HIV infection.
    (Note: This and other similar studies were widely reported throughout the American media.)[68]
  • 2007 Lot de Witte finds that Langerhans cells found in the foreskin are a natural barrier to HIV infection.
    (Note: This and other similar studies were widely ignored throughout the American media.)[69]
  • 2017 The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) allowed its Circumcision Policy Statement to expire with being re-affirmed due to the severe and unrelenting adverse comment from many sources. The AAP now has NO official position on child circumcision.

See also

External links

References

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