Difference between revisions of "Foreskin restoration"
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[[Image:Restoration before after.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| A human penis circumcised at birth, before and after 42 months of non-surgical restoration.]] | [[Image:Restoration before after.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| A human penis circumcised at birth, before and after 42 months of non-surgical restoration.]] | ||
| − | '''Foreskin restoration''' refers to the process of expanding the residual skin on the circumcised [[penis]] by non-surgical means in order to recreate the [[foreskin]] which was removed in [[circumcision]].<ref name="wisdom">{{REFjournal | + | '''Foreskin restoration''' refers to the process of expanding the residual [[skin]] on the [[circumcised]] [[penis]] by non-surgical means in order to recreate the [[foreskin]] which was removed in [[circumcision]].<ref name="wisdom">{{REFjournal |
|last=Wisdom | |last=Wisdom | ||
|first=Travis | |first=Travis | ||
|init=T | |init=T | ||
| − | |author-link= | + | |author-link=Travis Wisdom |
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
|title=Constructing phallic beauty: Foreskin restoration, genital cutting and circumcisionism | |title=Constructing phallic beauty: Foreskin restoration, genital cutting and circumcisionism | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
|DOI=10.1163/9781848881259_007 | |DOI=10.1163/9781848881259_007 | ||
|accessdate=2020-08-16 | |accessdate=2020-08-16 | ||
| − | }}</ref> It can also refer to the process of [[Tissue expansion| expanding existing skin]] | + | }}</ref> It can also refer to the process of [[Tissue expansion| expanding existing skin]] on an [[intact]] [[penis]] whose foreskin is abnormally short or non-existent (see [[aposthia]]).<ref name="collier2011">{{REFjournal |
|last=Collier | |last=Collier | ||
|first=Roger | |first=Roger | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
|pubmedCID=22083672 | |pubmedCID=22083672 | ||
|DOI=10.1503/cmaj.109-4009 | |DOI=10.1503/cmaj.109-4009 | ||
| − | |accessdate= | + | |accessdate=2023-10-10 |
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | Foreskin restoration can be achieved via surgical and/or non-surgical means. Men take up foreskin restoration to restore [[sensation]] to the [[glans penis]] and to restore the [[gliding action]] of the natural penis. Another reason for restoring is a desire to create the natural appearance of an intact penis with the [[foreskin]] covering the [[glans penis]]. Foreskin restoration techniques are most commonly undertaken by men who resent having been [[ | + | Foreskin restoration can be achieved via surgical and/or non-surgical means. Men take up foreskin restoration to restore [[Dekeratinization| sensation]] to the [[glans penis]] and to restore the [[gliding action]] of the natural [[penis]]. Another reason for restoring is a desire to create the natural appearance of an [[intact]] penis with the [[foreskin]] covering the [[glans penis]]. [[Jim Bigelow]] (1995) listed aesthetics, sensitivity of the glans, sexual stimulation and sexual function of a restored foreskin, and sense of wholeness as reasons that men give for desiring foreskin restoration.<ref>{{REFbook |
| + | |last=Bigelow | ||
| + | |first=Jim | ||
| + | |author-link=Jim Bigelow | ||
| + | |year=1994 | ||
| + | |title=The Joy of Uncircumcising!: Exploring Circumcision: History, Myths, Psychology, Restoration, Sexual Pleasure, and Human Rights | ||
| + | |url=https://www.amazon.com/Joy-Uncircumcising-Circumcision-Psychology-Restoration/dp/093406122X | ||
| + | |editor= | ||
| + | |edition=2 | ||
| + | |volume= | ||
| + | |chapter=Why Men Today Want to Uncircumcise | ||
| + | |pages=113-4 | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |publisher=Hourglass Book Pub | ||
| + | |isbn=978-0934061223 | ||
| + | }}</ref> Foreskin restoration techniques are most commonly undertaken by men who resent having been [[circumcised]] as children, or who have sustained an injury.<ref name="ozer2020">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Özer | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |last2=Timmermans | ||
| + | |first2=Floyd W. | ||
| + | |init2=FW | ||
| + | |author2-link= | ||
| + | |etal=no | ||
| + | |title=An insight into circumcised men seeking foreskin reconstruction: a prospective cohort study | ||
| + | |trans-title= | ||
| + | |language= | ||
| + | |journal=Int J Impot Res | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |date=2020-11 | ||
| + | |season= | ||
| + | |volume=32 | ||
| + | |issue=6 | ||
| + | |article= | ||
| + | |page= | ||
| + | |pages=611-6 | ||
| + | |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-019-0223-y | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | |pubmedID=31896833 | ||
| + | |pubmedCID= | ||
| + | |DOI=10.1038/s41443-019-0223-y | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-10-14 | ||
| + | }}</ref> They are also used by [[intact]] men who simply desire a longer [[foreskin]] and by [[regret men]]. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
| − | + | === Ancient history === | |
| − | Foreskin stretching (called "uncircumcision," or ''[[epispasm]]'') appears to have been a common practice among Hellenized Jewish men in Hellenistic and Roman societies,<ref name="Rubin">{{REFjournal | + | Foreskin [[stretching]] (called "uncircumcision," or ''[[epispasm]]'') appears to have been a common practice among Hellenized Jewish men in Hellenistic and Roman societies,<ref name="Rubin">{{REFjournal |
|last=Rubin | |last=Rubin | ||
|first=Jody P. | |first=Jody P. | ||
| Line 63: | Line 107: | ||
}}</ref> from at least as early as the 2nd century {{#tip-text:BCE|Before Common Era, an alternative to BC}}.<ref>{{REFbook | }}</ref> from at least as early as the 2nd century {{#tip-text:BCE|Before Common Era, an alternative to BC}}.<ref>{{REFbook | ||
|last=Glick | |last=Glick | ||
| − | |first=Leonard | + | |first=Leonard B. |
| + | |init=LB | ||
|author-link=Leonard B. Glick | |author-link=Leonard B. Glick | ||
|year=2005 | |year=2005 | ||
| Line 73: | Line 118: | ||
|chapter="This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism | |chapter="This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism | ||
|page=31 | |page=31 | ||
| − | |location=New York, | + | |location=New York, NY |
| − | |publisher=Oxford University Press | + | |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press |
|isbn=0-19-517674-X | |isbn=0-19-517674-X | ||
| − | |quote=Foreskin stretching (called "uncircumcision," or epispasm) appears to have been a common practice among Hellenized Jewish men... | + | |quote=Foreskin [[stretching]] (called "uncircumcision," or epispasm) appears to have been a common practice among Hellenized Jewish men... |
|accessdate=2011-09-23 | |accessdate=2011-09-23 | ||
|note= | |note= | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | Key features of Hellenistic culture were athletic exercises in gymnasia and athletic performances in public arenas, where men appeared in the nude. While the penis sheathed in an intact foreskin was normal and acceptable, ancient Greeks and their Hellenistic successors considered the circumcised penis to be offensive, as it was perceived as a vulgar imitation of erection, unfit for public display. The ancient Greeks and their Hellenistic successors considered the "ideal prepuce" to be long, tapered, and "well-proportioned." Removing it was considered mutilation. Men with short | + | Key features of Hellenistic culture were athletic exercises in gymnasia and athletic performances in public arenas, where men appeared in the nude. While the [[penis]] sheathed in an [[intact]] foreskin was normal and acceptable, ancient Greeks and their Hellenistic successors considered the [[circumcised]] penis to be offensive, as it was perceived as a vulgar imitation of [[erection]], unfit for public display. The ancient Greeks and their Hellenistic successors considered the "ideal prepuce" to be long, tapered, and "well-proportioned." Removing it was considered [[mutilation]]. Men with a short [[foreskin]], a condition known as ''lypodermos'', would wear a leather cord called a ''kynodesme'' to prevent its accidental exposure.<ref>{{REFjournal |
|last=Hodges | |last=Hodges | ||
|first=Frederick M. | |first=Frederick M. | ||
| Line 101: | Line 146: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | The sight of circumcised genitals at public baths or gymnasia would inspire laughter and ridicule. Jewish men who wished to gain acceptance in the larger social world gave themselves a presentable appearance by pulling the remaining foreskin forward as far as possible, and keeping it under enough tension to encourage permanent stretching toward its original length. Using a fibular pin or a cord, they pierced the front of the remaining foreskin, drew it forward, and fixed it in place; sometimes they would attach a weight to maintain tension. Over time the foreskin stretched and restored at least some of the appearance of an intact organ.<ref>{{REFbook | + | The sight of [[circumcised]] genitals at public baths or gymnasia would inspire laughter and ridicule. Jewish men who wished to gain acceptance in the larger social world gave themselves a presentable appearance by pulling the remaining [[foreskin]] forward as far as possible, and keeping it under enough tension to encourage permanent [[stretching]] toward its original length. Using a fibular pin or a cord, they pierced the front of the remaining foreskin, drew it forward, and fixed it in place; sometimes they would attach a weight to maintain tension. Over time the foreskin stretched and restored at least some of the appearance of an [[intact]] organ.<ref>{{REFbook |
|last=Glick | |last=Glick | ||
| − | |first=Leonard | + | |first=Leonard B. |
| + | |init=LB | ||
|author-link=Leonard B. Glick | |author-link=Leonard B. Glick | ||
|year=2005 | |year=2005 | ||
| Line 113: | Line 159: | ||
|chapter="This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism | |chapter="This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism | ||
|page=31 | |page=31 | ||
| − | |location=New York, | + | |location=New York, NY |
| − | |publisher=Oxford University Press | + | |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press |
|isbn=0-19-517674-X | |isbn=0-19-517674-X | ||
|quote=...some, eager for acceptance in the larger social world, gave themselves a presentable appearance by pulling the remaining foreskin forward... | |quote=...some, eager for acceptance in the larger social world, gave themselves a presentable appearance by pulling the remaining foreskin forward... | ||
|accessdate=2011-09-23 | |accessdate=2011-09-23 | ||
|note= | |note= | ||
| − | }}</ref> Up until the 2th century, [[Jewish circumcision]] involved only partial foreskin removal. Rabbis of the 2th century mandated ''peri’ah'', or the complete ablation of the foreskin in order to prevent Jewish men from engaging in foreskin restoration.<ref>{{REFbook | + | }}</ref> Up until the 2th century, [[Jewish circumcision]] involved only partial foreskin removal. Rabbis of the 2th century mandated ''[[Periah| peri’ah]]'', or the complete ablation of the [[foreskin]] in order to prevent Jewish men from engaging in foreskin restoration.<ref>{{REFbook |
|last=Glick | |last=Glick | ||
| − | |first=Leonard | + | |first=Leonard B. |
| + | |init=LB | ||
|author-link=Leonard B. Glick | |author-link=Leonard B. Glick | ||
|year=2005 | |year=2005 | ||
| Line 131: | Line 178: | ||
|chapter="This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism | |chapter="This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism | ||
|page=31 | |page=31 | ||
| − | |location=New York, | + | |location=New York, NY |
| − | |publisher=Oxford University Press | + | |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press |
|isbn=0-19-517674-X | |isbn=0-19-517674-X | ||
|quote=For obvious reasons this was anathema to the rabbis: tantamount to rejection of Judaism and defiance of rabbinic authority. | |quote=For obvious reasons this was anathema to the rabbis: tantamount to rejection of Judaism and defiance of rabbinic authority. | ||
| Line 138: | Line 185: | ||
|note= | |note= | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | + | === Modern history === | |
During World War II, some European Jews sought out underground foreskin restoration operations as a way to escape Nazi persecution.<ref name="Tushmet">{{REFjournal | During World War II, some European Jews sought out underground foreskin restoration operations as a way to escape Nazi persecution.<ref name="Tushmet">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Tushmet | |last=Tushmet | ||
| Line 176: | Line 223: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | The National Organization of Restoring Men ([[NORM]]) was founded in 1989 in San Francisco, as a non-profit support group for men restoring the appearance of a foreskin. It was originally known as RECAP, an acronym for the phrase Recover A Penis. In 1994 UNCIRC was incorporated into this group.<ref name="NORM history">{{REFweb | + | The National Organization of Restoring Men ([[NORM]]) was founded in 1989 in San Francisco, as a non-profit support group for men restoring the appearance of a [[foreskin]]. It was originally known as RECAP, an acronym for the phrase Recover A Penis. In 1994 UNCIRC was incorporated into this group.<ref name="NORM history">{{REFweb |
| − | | quote= | + | |quote= |
| − | | url=http://www.norm.org/history.html | + | |url=http://www.norm.org/history.html |
| − | | title=NORM - History | + | |title=NORM - History |
| − | | last=Griffiths | + | |last=Griffiths |
| − | | first=R. Wayne | + | |first=R. Wayne |
| − | | | + | |author-link=R. Wayne Griffiths |
| − | | | + | |publisher= |
| − | | date=2006 | + | |date=2006 |
| − | | accessdate=2019-09-30 | + | |accessdate=2019-09-30 |
| − | }}</ref> Since its founding, several NORM chapters have been founded throughout the United States, as well as internationally in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Germany. | + | }}</ref> Since its founding, several NORM chapters have been founded throughout the [[United States]], as well as internationally in [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and Germany. |
== Nonsurgical techniques == | == Nonsurgical techniques == | ||
| Line 192: | Line 239: | ||
[[Image:Foreskin restoration diagram.jpg |thumbnail|right|550px| A series of steps for non-surgical foreskin restoration. ]] | [[Image:Foreskin restoration diagram.jpg |thumbnail|right|550px| A series of steps for non-surgical foreskin restoration. ]] | ||
| − | Nonsurgical foreskin restoration is the most commonly used method of foreskin restoration. It is accomplished through [[tissue expansion]] and involves pulling on the remnants of the foreskin. Both the skin of the penile shaft and the | + | Nonsurgical foreskin restoration is the most commonly used method of foreskin restoration. It is accomplished through [[tissue expansion]] and involves pulling on the remnants of the [[foreskin]]. Both the skin of the penile shaft and the [[mucosa]]l inner lining of the [[foreskin]], if any remains after [[circumcision]], may be expanded. The skin is pulled forward over the [[glans]], and tension is applied manually, by using weights or elastic straps. In the latter two cases a device must be attached to the skin; surgical tape is often used. |
| − | [[Image:Tlctugger applied.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px| TLCTugger device applied to a circumcised penis for non-surgical foreskin restoration.]] | + | [[Image:Tlctugger applied.jpg|thumbnail|left|150px| TLCTugger device applied to a [[circumcised]] penis for non-surgical foreskin restoration.]] |
| − | An example of a device using elastic straps is the T-Tape method, which was developed in the 1990s with the idea of enabling restoration to take place more rapidly. Many specialized [http://intactwiki.org/wiki/Category:Foreskin_restoration_devices restoration devices] (like the [[TLC-X|TLC Tugger]] shown in the picture) that grip the skin with or without tape are also commercially available. Tension from these devices may be applied by weights or elastic straps, by pushing the skin forward on the penis, or by a combination of these methods. | + | An example of a device using elastic straps is the T-Tape method, which was developed in the 1990s with the idea of enabling restoration to take place more rapidly. Many specialized [http://intactwiki.org/wiki/Category:Foreskin_restoration_devices restoration devices] (like the [[TLC-X|TLC Tugger]] shown in the picture) that grip the [[skin]] with or without tape are also commercially available. Tension from these devices may be applied by weights or elastic straps, by pushing the skin forward on the [[penis]], or by a combination of these methods. |
The amount of tension produced by any method must be adjusted to avoid injury, pain or discomfort, and provides a limit on the rate at which new tissue can be grown. There is a risk of damaging tissues if excessive tension is used, or if tension is applied for too long. Websites about foreskin restoration vary in their recommendations, from suggesting a regimen of moderate amounts of tension applied for several hours a day,<ref name="NORM regimen">{{REFweb | The amount of tension produced by any method must be adjusted to avoid injury, pain or discomfort, and provides a limit on the rate at which new tissue can be grown. There is a risk of damaging tissues if excessive tension is used, or if tension is applied for too long. Websites about foreskin restoration vary in their recommendations, from suggesting a regimen of moderate amounts of tension applied for several hours a day,<ref name="NORM regimen">{{REFweb | ||
| − | | quote= | + | |quote= |
| − | | url=http://www.norm.org/regimen.html | + | |url=http://www.norm.org/regimen.html |
| − | | title=NORM - Recommended Restoration Regimen | + | |title=NORM - Recommended Restoration Regimen |
| − | | last=Griffiths | + | |last=Griffiths |
| − | | first=R. Wayne | + | |first=R. Wayne |
| − | | | + | |author-link=R. Wayne Griffiths |
| − | | | + | |publisher= |
| − | | date= | + | |date= |
| − | | accessdate=2006-08-27 | + | |accessdate=2006-08-27 |
}}</ref> to recommending periods of higher tension applied for only a few minutes per day.<ref name="FRC manual">{{REFweb | }}</ref> to recommending periods of higher tension applied for only a few minutes per day.<ref name="FRC manual">{{REFweb | ||
| − | | quote= | + | |quote= |
| − | | url=http://foreskinrestorationchat.info/manualtugging.html | + | |url=http://foreskinrestorationchat.info/manualtugging.html |
| − | | title=Foreskin Restoration Chat Manual Restoration Method and Guide | + | |title=Foreskin Restoration Chat Manual Restoration Method and Guide |
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | publisher | + | |publisher= |
| − | + | |date= | |
| − | | date= | + | |accessdate=2006-08-27 |
| − | | accessdate=2006-08-27 | ||
}}</ref><ref name="Doug's site">{{REFweb | }}</ref><ref name="Doug's site">{{REFweb | ||
| − | | quote= | + | |quote= |
| − | | url=http://pages.suddenlink.net/manual_methods/ | + | |url=http://pages.suddenlink.net/manual_methods/ |
| − | | title=Manual Methods of Foreskin Restoration | + | |title=Manual Methods of Foreskin Restoration |
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | publisher | + | |publisher= |
| − | + | |date= | |
| − | | date= | + | |accessdate=2007-07-19 |
| − | | accessdate=2007-07-19 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| Line 241: | Line 286: | ||
|init3=FB | |init3=FB | ||
|title=Tissue Expanders | |title=Tissue Expanders | ||
| − | |journal=University of Texas Medical Branch Department of Otolaryngology Grand Rounds | + | |journal={{UNI|University of Texas Medical Branch|UTMB}} Department of Otolaryngology Grand Rounds |
|volume= | |volume= | ||
|issue= | |issue= | ||
| Line 252: | Line 297: | ||
|date=1997-10-15 | |date=1997-10-15 | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate= | ||
| − | }}</ref> Unlike conventional skin expansion techniques, however, the process of nonsurgical foreskin restoration may take several years to complete. The time required depends on the amount of skin available to expand, the amount of skin desired in the end, and the regimen of stretching methods used. Patience and dedication are needed; support groups exist to help with these (see External links section). The act of stretching the skin is often described informally as "tugging" in these groups, especially those on the Internet. | + | }}</ref> Unlike conventional skin expansion techniques, however, the process of nonsurgical foreskin restoration may take several years to complete. The time required depends on the amount of [[skin]] available to expand, the amount of skin desired in the end, and the regimen of [[stretching]] methods used. Patience and dedication are needed; support groups exist to help with these (see External links section). The act of [[stretching]] the skin is often described informally as "tugging" in these groups, especially those on the Internet. |
| − | Intact men who would like to have a longer foreskin may use these same techniques of [[tissue expansion]] to lengthen a short [[foreskin]]. Benefits include improved protection of the [[glans penis]], improved [[gliding action]], and improved physical appearance. | + | [[Intact]] men who would like to have a longer [[foreskin]] may use these same techniques of [[tissue expansion]] to lengthen a short [[foreskin]]. Benefits include improved protection of the [[glans penis]], improved [[gliding action]], and improved physical appearance. |
It is impossible to predict how long it will take one to restore because there are many variables. The time is measured in years, but the time to enjoy one’s restored foreskin is measured in decades. | It is impossible to predict how long it will take one to restore because there are many variables. The time is measured in years, but the time to enjoy one’s restored foreskin is measured in decades. | ||
| − | See [[Basics of foreskin restoration]] | + | See also: [[Basics of foreskin restoration]]. |
| + | |||
===Results=== | ===Results=== | ||
| − | Results of non-surgical methods vary widely, and depend on such factors as the amount of skin present at the start of the restoration, degree of commitment, technique, and the individual's body. Foreskin restoration by [[tissue expansion]] successfully restores sensitivity to [[glans penis]] and restores the [[gliding action]]. Certain parts of the natural foreskin cannot be reformed. In particular, the [[ridged band]], a nerve-bearing tissue structure extending around the penis just inside the tip of the foreskin,<ref name="Taylor interview">{{REFweb | + | Results of non-surgical methods vary widely, and depend on such factors as the amount of skin present at the start of the restoration, degree of commitment, technique, and the individual's body. Foreskin restoration by [[tissue expansion]] successfully restores sensitivity to [[glans penis]] and restores the [[gliding action]]. Certain parts of the natural foreskin cannot be reformed. In particular, the [[ridged band]], a nerve-bearing tissue structure extending around the [[penis]] just inside the tip of the foreskin,<ref name="Taylor interview">{{REFweb |
| − | | quote= | + | |quote= |
| − | | url=http://www.intact.ca/taylor.html | + | |url=http://www.intact.ca/taylor.html |
| − | | title=Interview with John Taylor | + | |title=Interview with John Taylor |
| − | | last=Taylor | + | |last=Taylor |
| − | | first=John R. | + | |first=John R. |
| − | | | + | |init=JR |
| − | | | + | |author-link=John R. Taylor |
| − | | date=1997-02-04 | + | |publisher= |
| − | | accessdate=2007-08-26 | + | |date=1997-02-04 |
| + | |accessdate=2007-08-26 | ||
}}</ref><ref name=Joy-frenar>{{REFbook | }}</ref><ref name=Joy-frenar>{{REFbook | ||
|last=Bigelow | |last=Bigelow | ||
|first=Jim | |first=Jim | ||
| + | |init=J | ||
|author-link=Jim Bigelow | |author-link=Jim Bigelow | ||
|year= | |year= | ||
| Line 289: | Line 337: | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate= | ||
|note= | |note= | ||
| − | }}</ref> | + | }}</ref> cannot be recreated. Restored foreskins can appear much looser at the tip and some men report difficulty in keeping the [[glans]] covered. Surgical "touch-up" procedures exist to reduce the orifice of the restored foreskin, recreating the tightening function of the band of muscle fibers near the tip of the foreskin, though they have not proven successful in every case.<ref name=Joy-touchup>{{REFbook |
|last=Bigelow | |last=Bigelow | ||
|first=Jim | |first=Jim | ||
| + | |init=J | ||
|author-link=Jim Bigelow | |author-link=Jim Bigelow | ||
|year= | |year= | ||
| Line 309: | Line 358: | ||
}}</ref> A loose effect can also be alleviated by creating increased length, but requires a longer commitment to the restoration program. In addition, several websites claim that the use of O-rings during the restoration program can train the skin to maintain a puckered shape. | }}</ref> A loose effect can also be alleviated by creating increased length, but requires a longer commitment to the restoration program. In addition, several websites claim that the use of O-rings during the restoration program can train the skin to maintain a puckered shape. | ||
| − | As the shaft skin expands and gets longer the [[circumcision scar]] will travel down toward the tip and eventually turn under and be concealed inside the restored foreskin. | + | As the [[shaft skin]] expands and gets longer the [[circumcision scar]] will travel down toward the tip and eventually turn under and be concealed inside the restored foreskin. |
| − | When the glans penis is habitually covered by the regrown foreskin, the increase in protection, plus moisture and oil from [[transudation]] provided by the foreskin will result in de-keratinization of the glans penis and increase in sensation. | + | When the [[glans penis]] is habitually covered by the regrown foreskin, the increase in protection, plus moisture and oil from [[transudation]] provided by the new [[foreskin]] will result in [[Keratinization#De-keratinization_treatment| de-keratinization]] of the [[glans penis]] and increase in sensation. |
== Surgical techniques == | == Surgical techniques == | ||
| Line 341: | Line 390: | ||
}}</ref> Such techniques are costly, and have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft. | }}</ref> Such techniques are costly, and have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft. | ||
| − | British Columbia resident Paul Tinari was held down and circumcised at eight years old, in what he stated was "a routine form of punishment" for [[masturbation]] at residential schools. Following a lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the British Columbia Ministry of Health. | + | British Columbia resident [[Paul Tinari]] was held down and [[circumcised]] at eight years old, in what he stated was "a routine form of punishment" for [[masturbation]] at [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis-experiences-at-residential-school residential schools]. Following a lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the British Columbia Ministry of Health. The plastic surgeon who performed the restoration was the first in [[Canada]] to have done such an operation, and used a technique similar to that described above.<ref name="Tyee article">{{REFjournal |
|last=Euringer | |last=Euringer | ||
|first=Amanda | |first=Amanda | ||
| Line 375: | Line 424: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | See [[Surgical foreskin restoration]] | + | See also: [[Surgical foreskin restoration]] |
=== Results === | === Results === | ||
| Line 383: | Line 432: | ||
== Physical aspects == | == Physical aspects == | ||
| − | The natural foreskin has three principal components, in addition to blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue: [[skin]], which is exposed exteriorely; [[ | + | The natural foreskin has three principal components, in addition to blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue: [[skin]], which is exposed exteriorely; [[mucosa]], which is the inside surface in contact with the [[glans penis]] when the [[penis]] is flaccid; and a layer of [[Dartos| muscle]] fibers under the foreskin. The [[ridged band]] is just inside the tip of the [[foreskin]]. |
| − | Generally, the skin grows more readily in response to stretching than does the mucous membrane. | + | Generally, the skin grows more readily in response to [[stretching]] than does the mucous membrane. The ring of muscle which normally holds the foreskin closed is completely removed in the majority of circumcisions and cannot be regrown, so the covering resulting from [[stretching]] techniques is usually looser than that of a natural foreskin. According to some observers it is difficult to distinguish a restored foreskin from a natural foreskin because restoration produces a "nearly normal-appearing prepuce."<ref name="Goodwin">{{REFjournal |
|last=Goodwin | |last=Goodwin | ||
|first=Willard E. | |first=Willard E. | ||
| Line 403: | Line 452: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | Nonsurgical foreskin restoration does not restore portions of the [[Frenulum| frenulum]] or the [[ridged band]] | + | Nonsurgical foreskin restoration does not restore portions of the [[Frenulum| frenulum]] or the [[ridged band]] excised during [[circumcision]]. Although not commonly performed, there are surgical [http://intactwiki.org/wiki/Category:Foreskin_restoration_touch-up_surgeries "touch-up" techniques] that can re-create some of the functionality of the frenulum and dartos muscle.<ref>{{REFbook |
|last=Bigelow | |last=Bigelow | ||
|first=Jim | |first=Jim | ||
| + | |init=J | ||
|author-link=Jim Bigelow | |author-link=Jim Bigelow | ||
|year= | |year= | ||
| Line 424: | Line 474: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | The process of foreskin restoration seeks to regenerate some of the tissue removed by circumcision by [[Tissue expansion| expansion of residual tissue]], as well as providing coverage of the glans. According to research, the [[foreskin]] comprises over one-half of the skin and mucosa of the human penis.<ref>{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> | + | The process of foreskin restoration seeks to regenerate some of the tissue removed by circumcision by [[Tissue expansion| expansion of residual tissue]], as well as providing coverage of the glans. According to research, the [[foreskin]] comprises over one-half of the skin and [[mucosa]] of the human penis.<ref>{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> |
| − | By growing more penile skin, foreskin restorers recover the skin mobility that was eliminated by their circumcision. The ability to [[gliding action|glide the skin of the penis over the glans]] constitutes a mechanical component of the stimulation mechanism of the penis. | + | By growing more [[penile skin]], foreskin restorers recover the skin mobility that was eliminated by their circumcision. The ability to [[gliding action|glide the skin of the penis over the glans]] constitutes a mechanical component of the stimulation mechanism of the penis. |
| − | In some men, foreskin restoration may alleviate certain problems they attribute to their | + | In some men, foreskin restoration may alleviate certain problems they attribute to their [[circumcision]]. Such problems, as reported to an anti-circumcision group by men circumcised in infancy or childhood, include prominent [[Circumcision scar|scarring]] (33%), insufficient [[penile skin]] for comfortable [[erection]] (27%), erectile curvature from uneven skin loss (16%), and pain and [[bleeding]] upon [[erection]]/manipulation (17%). The poll also asked about awareness of or involvement in foreskin restoration, and included an open comment section. Many respondents and their wives "reported that restoration resolved the unnatural dryness of the circumcised penis, which caused abrasion, pain or [[bleeding]] during intercourse, and that restoration offered unique pleasures, which enhanced sexual intimacy."<ref name="Hammond">{{REFjournal |
|last=Hammond | |last=Hammond | ||
|init=T | |init=T | ||
| Line 446: | Line 496: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | Some men who have undertaken foreskin restoration report a visibly smoother glans, which some of these men attribute to decreased levels of [[keratinization]] following restoration. | + | Some men who have undertaken foreskin restoration report a visibly smoother [[glans]], which some of these men attribute to decreased levels of [[keratinization]] following restoration. |
<!--Several studies have suggested that the glans is equally sensitive in circumcised and intact males,<ref name="masters">{{REFbook | <!--Several studies have suggested that the glans is equally sensitive in circumcised and intact males,<ref name="masters">{{REFbook | ||
|last=Masters | |last=Masters | ||
|first=William H. | |first=William H. | ||
| + | |init=WH | ||
|last2=Johnson | |last2=Johnson | ||
|first2=Virginia E. | |first2=Virginia E. | ||
| + | |init2=VE | ||
|year=1966 | |year=1966 | ||
|title=Human Sexual Response | |title=Human Sexual Response | ||
| Line 495: | Line 547: | ||
|date=2005-04 | |date=2005-04 | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate= | ||
| − | }}</ref><ref name = "bleustein2003">{{REFconference | + | }}</ref><ref name="bleustein2003">{{REFconference |
|place=Chicago, Illinois | |place=Chicago, Illinois | ||
| − | |title=American Urological Association 98th Annual Meeting | + | |title=[[American Urological Association]] 98th Annual Meeting |
|url= | |url= | ||
|last=Bleustein | |last=Bleustein | ||
| Line 555: | Line 607: | ||
|accessdate=2019-9-29 | |accessdate=2019-9-29 | ||
}}</ref>--> | }}</ref>--> | ||
| − | Sorrells (2007) et al. and Yang et al. (2008) have reported empirical data that proves there is more sensation in intact males.<ref name="sorrels">{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref><ref name="yang">{{REFjournal | + | Sorrells (2007) et al. and Yang et al. (2008) have reported empirical data that proves there is more sensation in [[intact]] males.<ref name="sorrels">{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref><ref name="yang">{{REFjournal |
|last=Yang | |last=Yang | ||
|init=DM | |init=DM | ||
| Line 580: | Line 632: | ||
==Generally recognized benefits of foreskin restoration== | ==Generally recognized benefits of foreskin restoration== | ||
| − | # ''An end to tight and painful | + | # ''An end to tight and painful [[erection]]s''. Increasing the quantity of skin results in longer skin and less tension when the [[penis]] is erect. |
# ''Gliding mechanism'': the [[gliding action]] is beneficial because it facilitates [[masturbation]] and sex by reducing friction and providing a stimulating sheath that pleasurably slips back and forth over the [[glans]], thereby decreasing the need for artificial lubrication. This provides for more enjoyable intercourse for both partners and avoids problems with vaginal dryness.<ref name="warren1994">{{REFjournal | # ''Gliding mechanism'': the [[gliding action]] is beneficial because it facilitates [[masturbation]] and sex by reducing friction and providing a stimulating sheath that pleasurably slips back and forth over the [[glans]], thereby decreasing the need for artificial lubrication. This provides for more enjoyable intercourse for both partners and avoids problems with vaginal dryness.<ref name="warren1994">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Warren | |last=Warren | ||
| Line 608: | Line 660: | ||
|accessdate=2021-05-13 | |accessdate=2021-05-13 | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | </ref> The motion of the penile skin by the [[gliding action]] stimulates the [[Meissner's corpuscles| nerves in the skin]] which are sensitive to motion and stretching. | + | </ref> The motion of the [[penile skin]] by the [[gliding action]] stimulates the [[Meissner's corpuscles| nerves in the skin]] which are sensitive to motion and [[stretching]]. |
| − | # ''Moist glans penis'': A restored foreskin keeps the glans penis moist and oily by [[transudation]] in the same manner as a natural foreskin. | + | # ''Moist glans penis'': A restored foreskin keeps the [[glans penis]] moist and oily by [[transudation]] in the same manner as a natural [[foreskin]]. |
| − | # ''Feeling whole'': The circumcision scar has turned under the restored foreskin and is invisible. The presence of the restored foreskin causes one to look and feel whole, complete, and normal. | + | # ''Appearing and Feeling whole'': The [[circumcision scar]] has turned under the restored foreskin and is invisible. The presence of the restored foreskin causes one to look and feel [[intact]], whole, complete, and normal. |
| − | # ''Coverage of the glans'': this is beneficial because (a) it protects the glans from uncomfortably rubbing up against things, and (b) by keeping the glans moist and protected, it leads to dekeratinization, which subsequently increases sensation. | + | # ''Coverage of the glans'': this is beneficial because (a) it protects the [[glans]] from uncomfortably rubbing up against things, and (b) by keeping the glans moist and protected, it leads to [[dekeratinization]], which subsequently increases sensation. |
| − | # ''More sensation'': It is true that non-surgical foreskin restoration cannot restore the [[ridged band]] or the [[frenulum]], but a restored foreskin does have some nerves in it. Those nerves are stimulated by the [[Gliding action| gliding]] of the foreskin, so it is quite pleasurable to have a restored foreskin. Some men who were circumcised as adults and subsequently restored have estimated that they got back about 80 percent of what they had lost in sensation. | + | # ''More sensation'': It is true that non-surgical foreskin restoration cannot restore the [[ridged band]] or the [[frenulum]], but a restored foreskin does have some nerves in it. Those nerves are stimulated by the [[Gliding action| gliding]] of the foreskin, so it is quite pleasurable to have a restored foreskin. Some men who were [[circumcised]] as adults and subsequently restored have estimated that they got back about 80 percent of what they had lost in sensation. |
# ''Increased comfort'': The head of one's [[penis]] is protected by [[foreskin]] as nature intended. | # ''Increased comfort'': The head of one's [[penis]] is protected by [[foreskin]] as nature intended. | ||
# ''Decreased'' [[keratinization]] of the [[glans penis]]. | # ''Decreased'' [[keratinization]] of the [[glans penis]]. | ||
| Line 623: | Line 675: | ||
|quote=The ancient Greeks were against the practice of circumcising their males and possessing a generous foreskin was a significantly important part of their culture. | |quote=The ancient Greeks were against the practice of circumcising their males and possessing a generous foreskin was a significantly important part of their culture. | ||
}}</ref> The [[circumcision scar]] is now completely concealed by the longer skin which relocates the scar to the inside. As the restored foreskin gets longer and extends beyond the glans penis, the [[acroposthion]] is reformed. | }}</ref> The [[circumcision scar]] is now completely concealed by the longer skin which relocates the scar to the inside. As the restored foreskin gets longer and extends beyond the glans penis, the [[acroposthion]] is reformed. | ||
| + | # The presence of a foreskin and [[gliding action]] usually provides a more satisfactory [[Vagina| intra-vaginal experience]] for the female partner. | ||
| + | |||
| + | See also [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_eBZN-MBow5XrMIN_PdM4JPU4nFqMrtp/view BENEFITS OF FORESKIN RESTORATION]. | ||
== Emotional, psychological, and psychiatric benefits == | == Emotional, psychological, and psychiatric benefits == | ||
| − | Foreskin restoration has been reported as having beneficial emotional results in | + | Foreskin restoration has been reported as having beneficial emotional results in [[circumcised]] men.<ref name="Greer"/><ref name="Goodwin"/><ref name="Penn">{{REFjournal |
|last=Penn | |last=Penn | ||
|first=Jack | |first=Jack | ||
| Line 642: | Line 697: | ||
|date=1963 | |date=1963 | ||
|accessdate=2019-09-29 | |accessdate=2019-09-29 | ||
| − | }}</ref><ref name="Boyle">{{ | + | }}</ref><ref name="Boyle">{{BoyleGJ GoldmanR SvobodaJS FernandezE 2002}}</ref> Watson & Golden (2017) recommended non-surgical foreskin restoration as a treatment for negative feelings in many adult men about their involuntary infant [[circumcision]].<ref name="watson2017">{{REFjournal |
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| − | }}</ref> | ||
|last=Watson | |last=Watson | ||
|first=Lindsay R. | |first=Lindsay R. | ||
| Line 691: | Line 724: | ||
== Foreskin coverage indexes == | == Foreskin coverage indexes == | ||
| − | In an effort to provide men partaking in foreskin restoration a reference to the extent of their circumcision skin loss, various foreskin coverage indexes have been created. Coverage indexes may be used by both circumcised and intact men to describe the extent of their coverage. All three systems are in use. | + | In an effort to provide men partaking in foreskin restoration a reference to the extent of their circumcision skin loss, various foreskin coverage indexes have been created. Coverage indexes may be used by both [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men to describe the extent of their coverage. All three systems are in use. |
===Original coverage index=== | ===Original coverage index=== | ||
| − | The first coverage index (2008) comes to us from Australia. It is still online at [https://archive.is/20121231212745/http://www.newforeskin.biz/CI/CIchart.htm Coverage Index]. | + | The first coverage index (2008) comes to us from [[Australia]]. It is still online at [https://archive.is/20121231212745/http://www.newforeskin.biz/CI/CIchart.htm Coverage Index]. |
===Real coverage index=== | ===Real coverage index=== | ||
| − | + | The original coverage index was not completely satisfactory and was supplemented by the [http://www.restoringforeskin.org/public/foreskin-restoration-real-coverage-index-rci Real Coverage Index], which lacked illustrations. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | The latest and most complete example is the [https://foreskinrestoration.men/foreskin-restoration-coverage-index/ ADI Coverage Index] (2020). The index depicts a range of penises in both the flaccid and erect state from 0 to 10, with 0 being the tightest circumcision and 10 the longest foreskin. Men undergoing foreskin restoration can chart their progress using the coverage index (CI). | + | ===Advanced Devices coverage index=== |
| + | |||
| + | The latest and most complete example is the [https://foreskinrestoration.men/foreskin-restoration-coverage-index/ ADI Coverage Index] (2020). The index depicts a range of penises in both the flaccid and erect state from 0 to 10, with 0 being the tightest [[circumcision]] and 10 the longest [[foreskin]]. Men undergoing foreskin restoration can chart their progress using the coverage index (CI). | ||
===Forced erect coverage=== | ===Forced erect coverage=== | ||
| Line 721: | Line 754: | ||
== Regeneration of the foreskin == | == Regeneration of the foreskin == | ||
| − | Recently there has been growing interest in regenerative medicine as a means to regenerate the human male foreskin. This option, unlike non-surgical foreskin restoration, would result in a true human male foreskin being | + | Recently [[Foreskin regeneration| there has been growing interest in regenerative medicine]] as a means to regenerate the human male [[foreskin]]. This is a completely different process from foreskin restoration by [[tissue expansion]] as described above. This option, if successful, unlike non-surgical foreskin restoration, would result in a true human male [[foreskin]] being regenerated. |
In early 2010, [[Foregen]], a non-profit organization dedicated to funding a clinical trial for the purposes of regrowing the human male foreskin, had been founded. A clinical trial had been scheduled for late 2010, but there were insufficient donations to follow through.<ref>{{REFweb | In early 2010, [[Foregen]], a non-profit organization dedicated to funding a clinical trial for the purposes of regrowing the human male foreskin, had been founded. A clinical trial had been scheduled for late 2010, but there were insufficient donations to follow through.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
|title=Foregen | |title=Foregen | ||
|url=http://www.foregen.org/blog/?p=84 | |url=http://www.foregen.org/blog/?p=84 | ||
| + | |publisher=[[Foregen]] | ||
|date=2010-09-21 | |date=2010-09-21 | ||
|accessdate=2010-11-28 | |accessdate=2010-11-28 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | The proposed method would involve placing the patient under general anesthesia. | + | The proposed method would involve placing the patient under general anesthesia. The [[penile skin]] would be opened at the [[circumcision scar]], while the scar tissue is surgically debrided. A biomedical solution would then be applied to both ends of the wound, causing the foreskin to regenerate with the DNA in the patient's own cells. A biodegradable scaffold would be used to offer support for the regenerating foreskin.<ref>{{REFweb |
|title=Clinical Regen Trial | |title=Clinical Regen Trial | ||
|url=http://www.foregen.org/projects/ | |url=http://www.foregen.org/projects/ | ||
| + | |publisher=[[Foregen]] | ||
|date=2010-06-23 | |date=2010-06-23 | ||
|accessdate=2010-06-23 | |accessdate=2010-06-23 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | In 2018, Foregen announced the creation of a "decellularized extracellular matrix–based biomaterial scaffold" for the purpose of regenerating human foreskin.<ref>{{REFjournal | + | In 2018, [[Foregen]] announced the creation of a "decellularized extracellular matrix–based biomaterial scaffold" for the purpose of regenerating human foreskin.<ref>{{REFjournal |
|last=Purpura | |last=Purpura | ||
|init=V | |init=V | ||
| Line 759: | Line 794: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | Foreskin regeneration is only theoretical as of | + | [[Foreskin regeneration]] is only theoretical as of 2024. No foreskin has ever been regenerated. There is no assurance that foreskin regeneration would actually be successful, if attempted. |
| + | |||
| + | [[Foregen]] had announced its desire to conduct trials on human volunteers in April 2023, but it has not yet happened.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://www.foregen.org/research | ||
| + | |title=Research | ||
| + | |last= | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |publisher=[[Foregen]] | ||
| + | |date=2021 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-03-24 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Conclusion == | ||
| + | |||
| + | Timmermans et al. (2021) reported that "non-surgical foreskin restoration methods yield good results."<ref name="timmermans2021">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Timmermans | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |init=FW | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |last2=Mokken | ||
| + | |first2= | ||
| + | |init2=SE | ||
| + | |author2-link= | ||
| + | |last3=Poor Toulabi | ||
| + | |first3= | ||
| + | |init3=SCZ | ||
| + | |author3-link= | ||
| + | |etal=yes | ||
| + | |title=A review on the history of and treatment options for foreskin reconstruction after circumcision | ||
| + | |trans-title= | ||
| + | |language= | ||
| + | |journal= Int J Impot Res | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |date=2021-04-14 | ||
| + | |season= | ||
| + | |volume= | ||
| + | |issue= | ||
| + | |article= | ||
| + | |page= | ||
| + | |pages= | ||
| + | |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Floyd-Timmermans/publication/350881409_A_review_on_the_history_of_and_treatment_options_for_foreskin_reconstruction_after_circumcision/links/607d5ae9881fa114b41189e1/A-review-on-the-history-of-and-treatment-options-for-foreskin-reconstruction-after-circumcision.pdf | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |quote=Nonsurgical methods of reconstruction are rarely mentioned in literature. Nonetheless, nonsurgical methods, such as manual [[stretching]] and device-assisted tissue expansion, are commonplace among those who pursue foreskin reconstruction. Although the nonsurgical methods have yielded good results with minimal adverse effects, no proper medical research has been performed to quantify these outcomes. | ||
| + | |pubmedID=33854205 | ||
| + | |pubmedCID= | ||
| + | |DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00438-3 | ||
| + | |format=PDF | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-06-09 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | </ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Videos == | ||
| + | === Wayne Griffiths - Foreskin Restoration & Human Rights === | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[R. Wayne Griffiths]], {{MS}}, co-founder of [[NORM]], discusses foreskin restoration and human rights in 2009. | ||
| + | |||
| + | <youtube>v=qWIyipxe2uE</youtube> | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Foreskin Restoration === | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Ron Low]], a manufacturer of a foreskin restoration device, discussed foreskin restoration. | ||
| + | |||
| + | <youtube>v=7B98RAGbJkc</youtube> | ||
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
| + | * [[Basics of foreskin restoration]] | ||
| + | * [[:Category:Film about foreskin restoration]] | ||
| + | * [[:Category:Foreskin restoration device]] | ||
* [[Circumcision]] | * [[Circumcision]] | ||
| + | * [[Dekeratinization]] | ||
* [[Epispasm]] | * [[Epispasm]] | ||
* [[Foreskin]] | * [[Foreskin]] | ||
| + | * [[Foreskin Restoration - video]] | ||
* [[Gliding action]] | * [[Gliding action]] | ||
| + | * [[Literature about foreskin restoration]] | ||
* [[Manual tugging]] | * [[Manual tugging]] | ||
* [[Penis]] | * [[Penis]] | ||
| + | * [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]] | ||
* [[Restoration]] | * [[Restoration]] | ||
| + | * [[RestoringMan]] | ||
* [[Ridged band]] | * [[Ridged band]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Surgical foreskin restoration]] |
* [[Tissue expansion]] | * [[Tissue expansion]] | ||
| + | * [[Trauma]] | ||
* [[Uncircumcised]] | * [[Uncircumcised]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
* [http://www.norm.org NORM - National Organization of Restoring Men (U.S.)] | * [http://www.norm.org NORM - National Organization of Restoring Men (U.S.)] | ||
| − | * [ | + | * [https://www.cirp.org/pages/restore.php CIRP Foreskin restoration for circumcised males] |
| + | * {{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=http://www.savingsons.org/2009/10/foreskin-restoration.html | ||
| + | |title=Foreskin restoration | ||
| + | |publisher=Saving Our Sons | ||
| + | |accessdate=2023-12-17 | ||
| + | }} | ||
* [https://foreskinrestoration.men/ Foreskin restoration information website] | * [https://foreskinrestoration.men/ Foreskin restoration information website] | ||
| + | * [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_eBZN-MBow5XrMIN_PdM4JPU4nFqMrtp/view Benefits of Foreskin Restoration] | ||
| + | * {{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://www.restoringforeskin.org/beginners-guide-foreskin-restoration | ||
| + | |title=Beginner's Guide to Foreskin Restoration | ||
| + | |last=Tally | ||
| + | |first=Restoring | ||
| + | |init= | ||
| + | |publisher=Restoring for Men | ||
| + | |date= | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-11-30 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | * {{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jFXHq45OB8Jbu176xHeD6tCkW8nY23ti/view | ||
| + | |title=Foreskin Restoration | ||
| + | |last=Anonymous | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |init= | ||
| + | |publisher=Google | ||
| + | |date= | ||
| + | |accessdate=2023-05-25 | ||
| + | }} | ||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
|url=https://www.foreskinrestore.com/Inner_outer.html | |url=https://www.foreskinrestore.com/Inner_outer.html | ||
| Line 790: | Line 918: | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
|accessdate=2021-06-15 | |accessdate=2021-06-15 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | * {{{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jFXHq45OB8Jbu176xHeD6tCkW8nY23ti/view | ||
| + | |title=Foreskin Restoration | ||
| + | |last=Anonymous | ||
| + | |first= | ||
| + | |init= | ||
| + | |publisher= | ||
| + | |format=PDF | ||
| + | |date= | ||
| + | |accessdate=2023-05-05 | ||
}} | }} | ||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
| Line 797: | Line 936: | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
|publisher= | |publisher= | ||
| − | |website=Doctors Opposing Circumcision | + | |website=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] |
|date=2019-02 | |date=2019-02 | ||
|accessdate=2019-09-28 | |accessdate=2019-09-28 | ||
| Line 830: | Line 969: | ||
|accessdate=2021-05-05 | |accessdate=2021-05-05 | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | |||
* {{REFnews | * {{REFnews | ||
|title=Many men bitterly regret being circumcised. A new method allows them to repair the damage. | |title=Many men bitterly regret being circumcised. A new method allows them to repair the damage. | ||
| Line 842: | Line 980: | ||
|date=1996-06-25 | |date=1996-06-25 | ||
|accessdate=2020-06-23 | |accessdate=2020-06-23 | ||
| − | |quote=Foreskin restoration is a slow process of stretching the penile skin over the naked glans, and can take several years. Many men, however, report an improvement in comfort and sensitivity after only a couple of weeks. | + | |quote=Foreskin restoration is a slow process of [[stretching]] the [[penile skin]] over the naked glans, and can take several years. Many men, however, report an improvement in comfort and sensitivity after only a couple of weeks. |
}} | }} | ||
| − | |||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
|url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/restoration | |url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/restoration | ||
| Line 861: | Line 998: | ||
|quote= | |quote= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | * | + | * {{REFweb |
| + | |url=http://www.iomfats.org/resources/restoring/media/restoring_faq.pdf | ||
| + | |title=My responses to a few Frequently Asked Questions about Non-Surgical Foreskin Restoration | ||
| + | |last=Payne | ||
| + | |first=Roy M. | ||
| + | |last2=Fryer | ||
| + | |first2=Leo | ||
| + | |format=PDF | ||
| + | |date=2001-03 | ||
| + | }} | ||
* {{REFjournal | * {{REFjournal | ||
|last=Brandes | |last=Brandes | ||
| Line 879: | Line 1,025: | ||
|date=1999 | |date=1999 | ||
|accessdate=2019-09-30 | |accessdate=2019-09-30 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | * {{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://tlctugger.com/benefits-of-foreskin-restoration/ | ||
| + | |title=Benefits of Foreskin Restoration | ||
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| + | |title=An undeniable need for recognition: What do you call a man who has undergone foreskin restoration? “Uncircumcised”? “Restored”? How about just BRAVE? A response to Hill (2015) | ||
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| + | [[Category:Foregen]] | ||
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[[Category:Judaism]] | [[Category:Judaism]] | ||
[[Category:Lawsuit]] | [[Category:Lawsuit]] | ||
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[[de:Vorhautrestaurierung]] | [[de:Vorhautrestaurierung]] | ||
Revision as of 13:57, 7 May 2024
Foreskin restoration refers to the process of expanding the residual skin on the circumcised penis by non-surgical means in order to recreate the foreskin which was removed in circumcision.[1] It can also refer to the process of expanding existing skin on an intact penis whose foreskin is abnormally short or non-existent (see aposthia).[2]
Foreskin restoration can be achieved via surgical and/or non-surgical means. Men take up foreskin restoration to restore sensation to the glans penis and to restore the gliding action of the natural penis. Another reason for restoring is a desire to create the natural appearance of an intact penis with the foreskin covering the glans penis. Jim Bigelow (1995) listed aesthetics, sensitivity of the glans, sexual stimulation and sexual function of a restored foreskin, and sense of wholeness as reasons that men give for desiring foreskin restoration.[3] Foreskin restoration techniques are most commonly undertaken by men who resent having been circumcised as children, or who have sustained an injury.[4] They are also used by intact men who simply desire a longer foreskin and by regret men.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Nonsurgical techniques
- 3 Surgical techniques
- 4 Physical aspects
- 5 Generally recognized benefits of foreskin restoration
- 6 Emotional, psychological, and psychiatric benefits
- 7 Foreskin coverage indexes
- 8 Literature
- 9 Regeneration of the foreskin
- 10 Conclusion
- 11 Videos
- 12 See also
- 13 External links
- 14 Abbreviations
- 15 References
History
Ancient history
Foreskin stretching (called "uncircumcision," or epispasm) appears to have been a common practice among Hellenized Jewish men in Hellenistic and Roman societies,[5] from at least as early as the 2nd century BCE.[6]
Key features of Hellenistic culture were athletic exercises in gymnasia and athletic performances in public arenas, where men appeared in the nude. While the penis sheathed in an intact foreskin was normal and acceptable, ancient Greeks and their Hellenistic successors considered the circumcised penis to be offensive, as it was perceived as a vulgar imitation of erection, unfit for public display. The ancient Greeks and their Hellenistic successors considered the "ideal prepuce" to be long, tapered, and "well-proportioned." Removing it was considered mutilation. Men with a short foreskin, a condition known as lypodermos, would wear a leather cord called a kynodesme to prevent its accidental exposure.[7]
The sight of circumcised genitals at public baths or gymnasia would inspire laughter and ridicule. Jewish men who wished to gain acceptance in the larger social world gave themselves a presentable appearance by pulling the remaining foreskin forward as far as possible, and keeping it under enough tension to encourage permanent stretching toward its original length. Using a fibular pin or a cord, they pierced the front of the remaining foreskin, drew it forward, and fixed it in place; sometimes they would attach a weight to maintain tension. Over time the foreskin stretched and restored at least some of the appearance of an intact organ.[8] Up until the 2th century, Jewish circumcision involved only partial foreskin removal. Rabbis of the 2th century mandated peri’ah, or the complete ablation of the foreskin in order to prevent Jewish men from engaging in foreskin restoration.[9]
Modern history
During World War II, some European Jews sought out underground foreskin restoration operations as a way to escape Nazi persecution.[10]
The practice of foreskin restoration was revived in the late twentieth century using modern materials and techniques. In 1982 a group called Brothers United for Future Foreskins (BUFF) was formed, which publicized the use of tape in non-surgical restoration methods. Later in 1991, another group called UNCircumcising Information and Resources Centers (UNCIRC) was formed.[11]
The National Organization of Restoring Men (NORM) was founded in 1989 in San Francisco, as a non-profit support group for men restoring the appearance of a foreskin. It was originally known as RECAP, an acronym for the phrase Recover A Penis. In 1994 UNCIRC was incorporated into this group.[12] Since its founding, several NORM chapters have been founded throughout the United States, as well as internationally in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Germany.
Nonsurgical techniques
Nonsurgical foreskin restoration is the most commonly used method of foreskin restoration. It is accomplished through tissue expansion and involves pulling on the remnants of the foreskin. Both the skin of the penile shaft and the mucosal inner lining of the foreskin, if any remains after circumcision, may be expanded. The skin is pulled forward over the glans, and tension is applied manually, by using weights or elastic straps. In the latter two cases a device must be attached to the skin; surgical tape is often used.
TLCTugger device applied to a circumcised penis for non-surgical foreskin restoration.
An example of a device using elastic straps is the T-Tape method, which was developed in the 1990s with the idea of enabling restoration to take place more rapidly. Many specialized restoration devices (like the TLC Tugger shown in the picture) that grip the skin with or without tape are also commercially available. Tension from these devices may be applied by weights or elastic straps, by pushing the skin forward on the penis, or by a combination of these methods.
The amount of tension produced by any method must be adjusted to avoid injury, pain or discomfort, and provides a limit on the rate at which new tissue can be grown. There is a risk of damaging tissues if excessive tension is used, or if tension is applied for too long. Websites about foreskin restoration vary in their recommendations, from suggesting a regimen of moderate amounts of tension applied for several hours a day,[13] to recommending periods of higher tension applied for only a few minutes per day.[14][15]
Applying tension to tissue has long been known to stimulate mitosis, and research shows that expanded human tissues have the attributes of the original tissue.[16] Unlike conventional skin expansion techniques, however, the process of nonsurgical foreskin restoration may take several years to complete. The time required depends on the amount of skin available to expand, the amount of skin desired in the end, and the regimen of stretching methods used. Patience and dedication are needed; support groups exist to help with these (see External links section). The act of stretching the skin is often described informally as "tugging" in these groups, especially those on the Internet.
Intact men who would like to have a longer foreskin may use these same techniques of tissue expansion to lengthen a short foreskin. Benefits include improved protection of the glans penis, improved gliding action, and improved physical appearance.
It is impossible to predict how long it will take one to restore because there are many variables. The time is measured in years, but the time to enjoy one’s restored foreskin is measured in decades.
See also: Basics of foreskin restoration.
Results
Results of non-surgical methods vary widely, and depend on such factors as the amount of skin present at the start of the restoration, degree of commitment, technique, and the individual's body. Foreskin restoration by tissue expansion successfully restores sensitivity to glans penis and restores the gliding action. Certain parts of the natural foreskin cannot be reformed. In particular, the ridged band, a nerve-bearing tissue structure extending around the penis just inside the tip of the foreskin,[17][18] cannot be recreated. Restored foreskins can appear much looser at the tip and some men report difficulty in keeping the glans covered. Surgical "touch-up" procedures exist to reduce the orifice of the restored foreskin, recreating the tightening function of the band of muscle fibers near the tip of the foreskin, though they have not proven successful in every case.[19] A loose effect can also be alleviated by creating increased length, but requires a longer commitment to the restoration program. In addition, several websites claim that the use of O-rings during the restoration program can train the skin to maintain a puckered shape.
As the shaft skin expands and gets longer the circumcision scar will travel down toward the tip and eventually turn under and be concealed inside the restored foreskin.
When the glans penis is habitually covered by the regrown foreskin, the increase in protection, plus moisture and oil from transudation provided by the new foreskin will result in de-keratinization of the glans penis and increase in sensation.
Surgical techniques
Surgical techniques of foreskin restoration are historical. They are seldom, if ever, used today because they have not given good results.
Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, sometimes known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a method of grafting skin onto the distal portion of the penile shaft. The grafted skin is typically taken from the scrotum, which contains the same smooth muscle (known as dartos fascia) as does the skin of the penis. One method involves a four stage procedure in which the shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time.[20] Such techniques are costly, and have the potential to produce unsatisfactory results or serious complications related to the skin graft.
British Columbia resident Paul Tinari was held down and circumcised at eight years old, in what he stated was "a routine form of punishment" for masturbation at residential schools. Following a lawsuit, Tinari's surgical foreskin restoration was covered by the British Columbia Ministry of Health. The plastic surgeon who performed the restoration was the first in Canada to have done such an operation, and used a technique similar to that described above.[21][22]
See also: Surgical foreskin restoration
Results
Results of surgical foreskin restoration are much faster, but are often described as unsatisfactory, and most restoration groups advise against them.
Physical aspects
The natural foreskin has three principal components, in addition to blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue: skin, which is exposed exteriorely; mucosa, which is the inside surface in contact with the glans penis when the penis is flaccid; and a layer of muscle fibers under the foreskin. The ridged band is just inside the tip of the foreskin.
Generally, the skin grows more readily in response to stretching than does the mucous membrane. The ring of muscle which normally holds the foreskin closed is completely removed in the majority of circumcisions and cannot be regrown, so the covering resulting from stretching techniques is usually looser than that of a natural foreskin. According to some observers it is difficult to distinguish a restored foreskin from a natural foreskin because restoration produces a "nearly normal-appearing prepuce."[23]
Nonsurgical foreskin restoration does not restore portions of the frenulum or the ridged band excised during circumcision. Although not commonly performed, there are surgical "touch-up" techniques that can re-create some of the functionality of the frenulum and dartos muscle.[24]
The process of foreskin restoration seeks to regenerate some of the tissue removed by circumcision by expansion of residual tissue, as well as providing coverage of the glans. According to research, the foreskin comprises over one-half of the skin and mucosa of the human penis.[25]
By growing more penile skin, foreskin restorers recover the skin mobility that was eliminated by their circumcision. The ability to glide the skin of the penis over the glans constitutes a mechanical component of the stimulation mechanism of the penis.
In some men, foreskin restoration may alleviate certain problems they attribute to their circumcision. Such problems, as reported to an anti-circumcision group by men circumcised in infancy or childhood, include prominent scarring (33%), insufficient penile skin for comfortable erection (27%), erectile curvature from uneven skin loss (16%), and pain and bleeding upon erection/manipulation (17%). The poll also asked about awareness of or involvement in foreskin restoration, and included an open comment section. Many respondents and their wives "reported that restoration resolved the unnatural dryness of the circumcised penis, which caused abrasion, pain or bleeding during intercourse, and that restoration offered unique pleasures, which enhanced sexual intimacy."[26]
Some men who have undertaken foreskin restoration report a visibly smoother glans, which some of these men attribute to decreased levels of keratinization following restoration.
Sorrells (2007) et al. and Yang et al. (2008) have reported empirical data that proves there is more sensation in intact males.[27][28]
Generally recognized benefits of foreskin restoration
- An end to tight and painful erections. Increasing the quantity of skin results in longer skin and less tension when the penis is erect.
- Gliding mechanism: the gliding action is beneficial because it facilitates masturbation and sex by reducing friction and providing a stimulating sheath that pleasurably slips back and forth over the glans, thereby decreasing the need for artificial lubrication. This provides for more enjoyable intercourse for both partners and avoids problems with vaginal dryness.[29] The motion of the penile skin by the gliding action stimulates the nerves in the skin which are sensitive to motion and stretching.
- Moist glans penis: A restored foreskin keeps the glans penis moist and oily by transudation in the same manner as a natural foreskin.
- Appearing and Feeling whole: The circumcision scar has turned under the restored foreskin and is invisible. The presence of the restored foreskin causes one to look and feel intact, whole, complete, and normal.
- Coverage of the glans: this is beneficial because (a) it protects the glans from uncomfortably rubbing up against things, and (b) by keeping the glans moist and protected, it leads to dekeratinization, which subsequently increases sensation.
- More sensation: It is true that non-surgical foreskin restoration cannot restore the ridged band or the frenulum, but a restored foreskin does have some nerves in it. Those nerves are stimulated by the gliding of the foreskin, so it is quite pleasurable to have a restored foreskin. Some men who were circumcised as adults and subsequently restored have estimated that they got back about 80 percent of what they had lost in sensation.
- Increased comfort: The head of one's penis is protected by foreskin as nature intended.
- Decreased keratinization of the glans penis.
- Esthetics: One's penis approaches the Greek ideal of male beauty.[30] The circumcision scar is now completely concealed by the longer skin which relocates the scar to the inside. As the restored foreskin gets longer and extends beyond the glans penis, the acroposthion is reformed.
- The presence of a foreskin and gliding action usually provides a more satisfactory intra-vaginal experience for the female partner.
See also BENEFITS OF FORESKIN RESTORATION.
Emotional, psychological, and psychiatric benefits
Foreskin restoration has been reported as having beneficial emotional results in circumcised men.[20][23][31][32] Watson & Golden (2017) recommended non-surgical foreskin restoration as a treatment for negative feelings in many adult men about their involuntary infant circumcision.[33]
Foreskin coverage indexes
In an effort to provide men partaking in foreskin restoration a reference to the extent of their circumcision skin loss, various foreskin coverage indexes have been created. Coverage indexes may be used by both circumcised and intact men to describe the extent of their coverage. All three systems are in use.
Original coverage index
The first coverage index (2008) comes to us from Australia. It is still online at Coverage Index.
Real coverage index
The original coverage index was not completely satisfactory and was supplemented by the Real Coverage Index, which lacked illustrations.
Advanced Devices coverage index
The latest and most complete example is the ADI Coverage Index (2020). The index depicts a range of penises in both the flaccid and erect state from 0 to 10, with 0 being the tightest circumcision and 10 the longest foreskin. Men undergoing foreskin restoration can chart their progress using the coverage index (CI).
Forced erect coverage
Forced erect coverage is yet another way to measure one's amount of skin.[34]
Literature
Books, websites and numerous articles have been published about foreskin restoration. See our compiled list of literature about foreskin restoration.
Regeneration of the foreskin
Recently there has been growing interest in regenerative medicine as a means to regenerate the human male foreskin. This is a completely different process from foreskin restoration by tissue expansion as described above. This option, if successful, unlike non-surgical foreskin restoration, would result in a true human male foreskin being regenerated.
In early 2010, Foregen, a non-profit organization dedicated to funding a clinical trial for the purposes of regrowing the human male foreskin, had been founded. A clinical trial had been scheduled for late 2010, but there were insufficient donations to follow through.[35]
The proposed method would involve placing the patient under general anesthesia. The penile skin would be opened at the circumcision scar, while the scar tissue is surgically debrided. A biomedical solution would then be applied to both ends of the wound, causing the foreskin to regenerate with the DNA in the patient's own cells. A biodegradable scaffold would be used to offer support for the regenerating foreskin.[36]
In 2018, Foregen announced the creation of a "decellularized extracellular matrix–based biomaterial scaffold" for the purpose of regenerating human foreskin.[37]
Foreskin regeneration is only theoretical as of 2024. No foreskin has ever been regenerated. There is no assurance that foreskin regeneration would actually be successful, if attempted.
Foregen had announced its desire to conduct trials on human volunteers in April 2023, but it has not yet happened.[38]
Conclusion
Timmermans et al. (2021) reported that "non-surgical foreskin restoration methods yield good results."[39]
Videos
Wayne Griffiths - Foreskin Restoration & Human Rights
R. Wayne Griffiths, M.S.[a 1], co-founder of NORM, discusses foreskin restoration and human rights in 2009.
Foreskin Restoration
Ron Low, a manufacturer of a foreskin restoration device, discussed foreskin restoration.
See also
- Basics of foreskin restoration
- Category:Film about foreskin restoration
- Category:Foreskin restoration device
- Circumcision
- Dekeratinization
- Epispasm
- Foreskin
- Foreskin Restoration - video
- Gliding action
- Literature about foreskin restoration
- Manual tugging
- Penis
- Psychological issues of male circumcision
- Restoration
- RestoringMan
- Ridged band
- Surgical foreskin restoration
- Tissue expansion
- Trauma
- Uncircumcised
External links
- NORM - National Organization of Restoring Men (U.S.)
- CIRP Foreskin restoration for circumcised males
Foreskin restoration
, Saving Our Sons. Retrieved 17 December 2023.- Foreskin restoration information website
- Benefits of Foreskin Restoration
- Tally, Restoring.
Beginner's Guide to Foreskin Restoration
, Restoring for Men. Retrieved 30 November 2022. - Anonymous.
Foreskin Restoration
, Google. Retrieved 25 May 2023. -
Inner and outer skin development
, ForeskinRestore.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021. - { Anonymous.
Foreskin Restoration
. Retrieved 5 May 2023. - (February 2019).
Non-surgical foreskin restoration
, Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.). Retrieved 28 September 2019. - NORM-UK - National Organization of Restoring Men (UK)
Anonymous. The joy of uncircumcising. BMJ. 10 September 1994; 309: 676-7. DOI. Retrieved 26 November 2019.-
Enter ForeskinRestore.com (NSFW website)
. Retrieved 5 May 2021. 
Carter, Rica / Anna Rockhall (25 June 1996)."Many men bitterly regret being circumcised. A new method allows them to repair the damage.", www.independent.co.uk, The Independent. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
Quote:Foreskin restoration is a slow process of stretching the penile skin over the naked glans, and can take several years. Many men, however, report an improvement in comfort and sensitivity after only a couple of weeks.
-
Restoration
, www.yourwholebaby.org, Your Whole Baby. Retrieved 20 May 2020. - Payne, Roy M. (March 2001).
My responses to a few Frequently Asked Questions about Non-Surgical Foreskin Restoration
. - Brandes SB, McAninch JW. Surgical methods of restoring the prepuce: a critical review. BJU Int. 1999; 83(Suppl. 1): 109-113. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- Low R (2009).
Benefits of Foreskin Restoration
, TLC Tugger, Inc. Retrieved 16 December 2022. -
REDDIT foreskin restoration sub-reddit
. Retrieved 16 November 2019. -
Foreskin Restoration
, http://wasnotmychoice.com. Retrieved 28 August 2020. - (December 2020).
Circumcision and Foreskin Restoration
, docs.google.com. Retrieved 23 December 2020. - (2020).
Foreskin Restoration Resources
, /www.restoringmenlifecoaching.com, Restoring Men Life Coaching. Retrieved 3 January 2021. - Anonymous (21 January 2021)."Regrowing my foreskin: How I’m overcoming the trauma of infant circumcision", Queen's University Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- Timmermans FW, Makken SE, Toulabi SCZP, Bouman MB, Özer M. A review on the history of and treatment options for foreskin reconstruction after circumcision. Int J Impot Res. August 2022; 34(5): 424-33. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- Lalonde, Tim (5 January 2023).
Foreskin Restoration: Can It Be Done?
, Giddy. Retrieved 8 January 2023. - Wallace WG. An undeniable need for recognition: What do you call a man who has undergone foreskin restoration? “Uncircumcised”? “Restored”? How about just BRAVE? A response to Hill (2015). Clin Anat. 24 July 2015; 28(8): 962-3. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
Abbreviations
- ↑
Master of Science
, Wikipedia. Retrieved 13 October 2021. (Latin: magisterii scientiae; also abbreviated MS, MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.)
References
- ↑ Wisdom T. Constructing phallic beauty: Foreskin restoration, genital cutting and circumcisionism. Brill. 2014; : 93-134. DOI. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ↑ Collier R. Whole again: the practice of foreskin restoration. CMAJ. 2011; 183(18): 2092-3. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑
Bigelow, Jim (1994): Why Men Today Want to Uncircumcise
, in: The Joy of Uncircumcising!: Exploring Circumcision: History, Myths, Psychology, Restoration, Sexual Pleasure, and Human Rights. Edition: 2. Hourglass Book Pub. Pp. 113-4. ISBN 978-0934061223. - ↑ Özer M, Timmermans FW. An insight into circumcised men seeking foreskin reconstruction: a prospective cohort study. Int J Impot Res. November 2020; 32(6): 611-6. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- ↑ Rubin JP. Celsus's Decircumcision Operation. Urology. July 1980; 16(1): 121-124. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Glick LB (2005):
"This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism
, in: Marked in Your Flesh. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. P. 31. ISBN 0-19-517674-X. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
Quote:Foreskin stretching (called "uncircumcision," or epispasm) appears to have been a common practice among Hellenized Jewish men...
- ↑ Hodges FM. The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. September 2001; 75(3): 375-405. PMID. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ↑ Glick LB (2005):
"This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism
, in: Marked in Your Flesh. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. P. 31. ISBN 0-19-517674-X. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
Quote:...some, eager for acceptance in the larger social world, gave themselves a presentable appearance by pulling the remaining foreskin forward...
- ↑ Glick LB (2005):
"This Is My Covenant", Circumcision in the World of Temple Judaism
, in: Marked in Your Flesh. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. P. 31. ISBN 0-19-517674-X. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
Quote:For obvious reasons this was anathema to the rabbis: tantamount to rejection of Judaism and defiance of rabbinic authority.
- ↑ Tushmet L. Uncircumcision. Medical Times. 1965; 93(6): 588-593.
- ↑ Bigelow J. Uncircumcising: undoing the effects of an ancient practice in a modern world. Mothering. 1994; Summer: 121-124.
- ↑ Griffiths, R. Wayne (2006).
NORM - History
. Retrieved 30 September 2019. - ↑ Griffiths, R. Wayne.
NORM - Recommended Restoration Regimen
. Retrieved 27 August 2006. - ↑
Foreskin Restoration Chat Manual Restoration Method and Guide
. Retrieved 27 August 2006. - ↑
Manual Methods of Foreskin Restoration
. Retrieved 19 July 2007. - ↑ Cordes S, Calhoun KH, Quinn FB. Tissue Expanders. [[Journal|University of Texas Medical Branch Department of Otolaryngology Grand Rounds]]. 15 October 1997;
- ↑ Taylor JR (4 February 1997).
Interview with John Taylor
. Retrieved 26 August 2007. - ↑ Bigelow J: The Joy of Uncircumcising!. P. 13. ISBN 096304821X.
- ↑ Bigelow J: The Joy of Uncircumcising!. Edition: 1998. Pp. 188-192. ISBN 096304821X.
- ↑ a b Greer DM, Mohl PC, Sheley KA. A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results. The Journal of Sex Research. 1982; 18(4): 324-330. DOI.
- ↑ Euringer A. BC Health Pays to Restore Man's Foreskin. The Tyee. 25 July 2006;
- ↑ Laliberté J. BC man's foreskin op a success. National Review of Medicine. 30 June 2006; 3(12)
- ↑ a b Goodwin WE. Uncircumcision: A Technique For Plastic Reconstruction of a Prepuce After Circumcision. J Urol. 1990; 144(5): 1203-1205. PMID.
- ↑ Bigelow J: The Joy of Uncircumcising!. Pp. 188-191.
- ↑ Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ. The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. Br J Urol. 1996; 77: 291-5. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
- ↑ Hammond T. A Preliminary Poll of Men Circumcised in Infancy or Childhood. BJU Int. 1999; 83(Suppl. 1): 85-92. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Sorrells ML, Snyder JL, Reiss MD, Eden C, Milos MF, Wilcox N, Van Howe RS. Fine‐touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis. BJUI. 19 March 2007; 99(4): 864-9. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ↑ Yang DM, Lin H, Zhang B, Guo W. Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 14 September 2008; 14(4): 328-330. PMID. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ↑ Warren J, Bigelow J. The case against circumcision. Br J Sex Med. September 1994; : 6-8. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ↑ (2017).
Ancient Greeks & the Foreskin
, Acroposthion. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
Quote:The ancient Greeks were against the practice of circumcising their males and possessing a generous foreskin was a significantly important part of their culture.
- ↑ Penn P. Penile Reform. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1963; 16(287-8) PMID. DOI. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ↑ Boyle GJ, Goldman R, Svoboda JS, Fernandez E. Male Circumcision: Pain, Trauma and Psychosexual Sequelae. Journal of Health Psychology. 2002; 7(3): 329-43. DOI. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ↑ Watson LR, Golden T. Male circumcision grief: effective and ineffective therapeutic approaches. New Male Studies: An International Journal. 2017; 6(2): 109-25. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
- ↑
Forced Erect Coverage
. Retrieved 19 December 2020. - ↑ (21 September 2010).
Foregen
, Foregen. Retrieved 28 November 2010. - ↑ (23 June 2010).
Clinical Regen Trial
, Foregen. Retrieved 23 June 2010. - ↑ Purpura V, Bondioli E, Cunningham EJ, et al. The development of a decellularized extracellular matrix–based biomaterial scaffold derived from human foreskin for the purpose of foreskin reconstruction in circumcised males. Journal of Tissue Engineering. 2018; 9: 1-11. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ↑ (2021).
Research
, Foregen. Retrieved 24 March 2022. - ↑ Timmermans FW, Mokken SE, Poor Toulabi SCZ, et al. A review on the history of and treatment options for foreskin reconstruction after circumcision . Int J Impot Res. 14 April 2021; PMID. DOI. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
Quote:Nonsurgical methods of reconstruction are rarely mentioned in literature. Nonetheless, nonsurgical methods, such as manual stretching and device-assisted tissue expansion, are commonplace among those who pursue foreskin reconstruction. Although the nonsurgical methods have yielded good results with minimal adverse effects, no proper medical research has been performed to quantify these outcomes.
