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Child circumcision: Difference between revisions

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===Condemnation===
===Condemnation===
[[Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani| Cepeda-Emiliani]] et al. {2025) stated:
Cepeda-Emiliani et al. {2025) stated:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
Our results reinforce the relevance of Cold and Taylor’s 11 1999 conclusions (p. 42), which now seem more pertinent than ever: “The prepuce
Our results reinforce the relevance of Cold and Taylor’s 11 1999 conclu-
sions (p. 42), which now seem more pertinent than ever: “The prepuce
is a specialized, specific erogenous tissue in both males and females.
is a specialized, specific erogenous tissue in both males and females.
Therefore, surgical excision should be restricted to lesions that are
Therefore, surgical excision should be restricted to lesions that are
unresponsive to medical therapy. . . Preputial plasty should be considered in place of circumcision whenever possible, so as to preserve
unresponsive to medical therapy. . . Preputial plasty should be consid-
ered in place of circumcision whenever possible, so as to preserve
the corpuscular sensory receptors, dartos muscle, penile mucosa and
the corpuscular sensory receptors, dartos muscle, penile mucosa and
complete function of the penis. . . Although a Fourcroy grade 1 female
complete function of the penis. . . Although a Fourcroy grade 1 female
circumcision would excise less tissue than in a male, this comparison cannot be used to justify female circumcision. Excision of normal,
circumcision would excise less tissue than in a male, this compari-
son cannot be used to justify female circumcision. Excision of normal,
erogenous genital tissue from healthy male or female children cannot
erogenous genital tissue from healthy male or female children cannot
be condoned, as the histology confirms that the external genitalia are
be condoned, as the histology confirms that the external genitalia are
Line 149: Line 152:
  |first=
  |first=
  |init=A
  |init=A
  |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani
  |author-link=
  |last2=Otero-Alén  
  |last2=Otero-Alén  
  |first2=
  |first2=
Line 192: Line 195:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
 
Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nations in the nineteenth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1980 in the [[United States]]. It has ''never'' been a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision of boys is not done in the Russian Federation, Latin America, or [[China]]. In [[India]] only the minority Muslim population does circumcision of children. In Europe it is only done for religious reasons by Muslims and Jews.
===History===
Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nations in the nineteenth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1965 in the [[United States]]. The incidence of circumcision of boys in the newborn period is now reported to be less than 50 percent.<ref name="msn2025">{{REFnews
|title=Less Than Half of U.S. Boys Now Circumcised
|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/less-than-half-of-us-boys-now-circumcised/ar-AA1MBjzN
|last=Anonymous
|publisher=Microsoft Network
|website=
|date=2025-09-17
|accessdate=2025-09-29
|quote=From 2012 to 2022, the prevalence of circumcision during hospitalization of male neonates age 0 to 28 days decreased significantly by nearly 5 percentage points, from 54.1% to 49.3%,
}}</ref>
 
It has ''never'' been a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision of boys is not done in the Russian Federation, Latin America, or [[China]]. In [[India]] only the minority Muslim population does circumcision of children. In Europe it is only done for religious reasons by Muslims and Jews.


Circumcision is classified as a form of [[genital mutilation]].
Circumcision is classified as a form of [[genital mutilation]].
<!--
== Rationale ==


Reasons for performing circumcision range widely by culture, religion, location, and age.
-->
===Cultural===
===Cultural===


Line 1,967: Line 1,961:
  |first6Emilie K.
  |first6Emilie K.
  |init6=
  |init6=
  |author6-link=
  |a
|etal=no
|title=Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Urol
|location=
|date=2021-01
|volume=205
|issue=1
|pages=257-63
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
|pubmedID=32716676
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
|accessdate=2025-03-18
}}</ref>
 
[[Intact America]] (2024) argues that public opinion regarding non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of children is approaching or at a "tipping point" at which [[intact]] genitals would be preferred over the [[circumcised]] variety.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/public-opinion-on-circumcision/
|title=Public Opinion on Circumcision: Can Intactivists Hit A Tipping Point?
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-03-23
|accessdate=2024-04-09
}}</ref> It is now likely that America has already passed the "tipping point".
 
==Financial and other costs==
Infant male circumcision is an extra-cost option after birth. There are no medical indications for it. It is a medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic, non-beneficial irreversible amputation of a functional body part, so medical insurance may or may not pay for it. There are several financial costs associated with infant circumcision. There is a hospital fee, a set-up fee, pharmaceutical fees, a separate fee for the medical doctor who performs the amputation, and various possible additional costs for the treatment of complications.<ref name="garrett2023-12-21">{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/economics-of-circumcision/
|title=The Economics of Circumcision: A Full Breakdown of This Penis Business
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-12-21
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}</ref>
 
Bollinger estimated the total cost of [[circumcision]] in 2012 for Americans, when all costs are included, to be $3.6 billion annually.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually
|title=High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|publisher=Academia
|website=https://www.academia.edu
|date=2012
|accessdate=2024-06-21
|format=
|quote=As the saying goes, follow the money. Now you know why neither the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], American Medical Association, [[American Academy of Family Physicians]], or the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] haven’t condemned this unnecessary surgery, and why their physician members are quick to recommend the procedure to expectant parents.
}}</ref> He has since updated his estimate of total annual cost in 2020 to be $5,685,000,000 or nearly six billion dollars per year.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|year=2024
|title=Skin in the Game
|url=
|scope=
|location=
|page=28
|publisher=Intact America
|ISBN=
|quote=
|accessdate=2024-08-28
}}</ref>
 
There also are additional non-financial costs, which include sexual and sensory losses that adversely impact on the sexual experience in adult life, and psychological losses such as [[PTSD]], and grieving of losses.
 
==The advantages and benefits of avoiding circumcision==
* Your newborn son will not be cruelly strapped to a [[circumstraint]].
* Your newborn son will not suffer the extreme [[pain]] of circumcision.
* Your newborn son will not suffer the physical and psychic [[trauma]]* of circumcision.
* Your newborn son will not be exposed to the surgical risks of [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and [[complication]] of non-therapeutic circumcision.
* Your newborn son will not have an open wound requiring care and subject to [[infection]] on his [[penis]].
* Your newborn son will not suffer the weeks of [[Pain#Post-surgical_pain| post-surgical pain]].
* Your newborn son will not have his [[Pain#Injury_to_the_infant_nervous_system| nervous system permanently injured]] by the extreme pain of circumcision.
* Your newborn son's [[foreskinned]] [[penis]] will be [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| protected]] and need no special care at home.
* Your newborn son will be more able to start [[breastfeeding]] due to the lack of [[trauma]], and enjoy the increased [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding| immunological protection]].
* Your newborn son may leave hospital earlier due to avoidance of an expensive, harmful, unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="mansfield1995">{{REFjournal
|last=Mansfield
|first=
|init=CJ
|author-link=
|last2=Hueston
|first2=
|init2=WJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Rudy
|first3=
|init3=M
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Neonatal circumcision: associated factors and length of hospital stay
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Fam Pract
|location=
|date=1995-10
|volume=41
|issue=4
|pages=370-6
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/procedure/mansfield/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=7561711
|pubmedCID=
|accessdate=2025-03-14
}}</ref>
* Your newborn son's [[foreskinned]] penis will fit the style of the twenty-first century.
* Your newborn son will not experience in his adult life the major loss of [[Erogenous sensation of the foreskin| erogenous sensation]] that occurs with amputation of the [[foreskin]].
* Your newborn son will not experience in his adult life the [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological issues]] that frequently occur in [[circumcised]] men.
* Your newborn son will not need to undertake [[foreskin restoration]] in his adult life.
==Video==
===This should be a crime.===
<youtube>v=ob4OADNIidc</youtube>
===Part One: Circumcision, A Newborn's Nightmare===
<youtube>v=cVF97eIXIJA</youtube>
===Part Two: The Origin of Circumcision in America===
<youtube>v=oXq8FY50LsQ</youtube>
===Part Three: Can Babies Really Feel Pain?===
<youtube>v=taQ6L73IAIE</youtube>
 
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]
* [[Bodily harm]]
* [[Breastfeeding]]
* [[Case Histories]]
* [[Circumcision bullet-points for parents]]
* [[Circumcision: Effect upon erectile function]]
* [[Circumcision instruments]]
* [[Circumcision of the newborn]]
* [[Circumcision maps]]
* [[Circumcision methods]]
* [[Circumcision scar]]
* [[Circumcision video library]]
* [[Circumpendium]]
* [[Circumstraint]]
* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]
* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]
* [[Exsanguination]]
* [[FGM]]
* [[Foreskin restoration information for circumcised teens]]
* [[History of circumcision]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Islamic circumcision]]
* [[Lymphoedema]]
* [[MGM]]
* [[Pain]]
* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
* [[Rights situation on circumcision]]
* [[Risks and complications]]
* [[Ritual circumcision]]
* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]
* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)
* [[Surrogate_consent]]
* [[The Accidental Intactivist Manifesto: Exposing the Monster We Agree Not to See – A Lifetime Reckoning]]
* [[Trauma]]
{{LINKS}}
 
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/garcia/
|title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not?
|last=Garcia
|first=Francisco
|date=1995-12-11
|accessdate=2020-09-08
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Fleiss
|first=Paul
|init=P
|author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
|title=The foreskin is necessary
|journal=Mothering
|date=1997-01
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=36-45
|url=http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm
|accessdate=2020-06-29
}}
*{{REFweb
|url=https://15square.org.uk/losses-from-circumcision/
|title=Losses from Circumcision
|last=Ball
|first=Peter
|publisher=15 Square
|date=2003-08-09
|accessdate=2023-02-23
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://members.tranquility.net/~rwinkel/MGM/primer.html
|title=Male Circumcision in the USA: A Human Rights Primer
|last=Winkel
|first=Rich
|author-link=Rich Winkel
|date=2005-05-12
|accessdate=2021-01-27
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Circumcision circumspection: Weigh the facts before making the call
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-01-09_chicagotribune.php
|last=Peres
|first=Judy
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Chicago Tribune
|website=
|date=2007-01-09
|accessdate=2014-07-28
|format=
|quote=Ethan, a Chicagoan who asked that his last name not be used, said he and his wife decided not to circumcise their two sons, now ages 5 and 1. "We didn't think it was a good idea to impose an operation on a baby that was not medically necessary," he said.
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Circumcision losing favor with U.S. parents
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-06-21_SFChronicle.php
|last=Guthmann
|first=Edward
|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle
|website=
|date=2007-06-21
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|format=
|quote=According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the circumcision rate in the United States dropped to 55.9 percent in 2003 — an all-time postwar low.
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=In Last Four Decades, Circumcision Has Lost Popularity in United States
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-07-08_theledger.php
|last=White
|first=Garry
|author-link=
|publisher=Lakeland Ledger
|website=
|date=2007-07-08
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|quote=Opponents of circumcision say the procedure is doubly harmful, inflicting pain at the time of surgery and reducing sexual pleasure later through the removal of the nerve-rich foreskin.
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Making the Cut
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-11-02_time.php
|last=Lee-St. John
|first=Jeninne
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Time Magazine
|website=
|date=2007-11-02
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|format=
|quote=But [[intactivism]] is also gaining traction among educated, middle-class whites. As University of Virginia sociologist Brad Wilcox observes, "It's these new parents that are unwilling to let kids suffer."
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Parents reconsider routine circumcision
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-11-30_theenquirer.php
|last=Facciolo
|first=Christine
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Cincinnati Enquirer
|date=2007-11-30
|season=
|accessdate=
|format=
|quote=But foes of removing the penis foreskin argue that the procedure provides minimal benefits, causes extreme pain and produces long-term psychological and sexual trauma.
}}
* {{REFdocument
|title=Genital Integrity Policy Statement
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2008_Genital_Integrity_Policy_Statement.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Hill
|first=George
|author-link=George Hill
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
|format=PDF
|date=2008-06
|accessdate=2024-11-03
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Testa
|first=Patrick
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Block
|first2=Walter E.
|init2=
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Libertarianism and circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Int J Health Poiicy Manag
|location=
|date=2014-05-26
|volume=3
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=33-40
|url=https://www.academia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view-paper
|pubmedID=24987720
|pubmedCID=4075101
|DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.51
|accessdate=
}}
 
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intaction.org/what-is-circumcision/
|title=What is circumcision?
|last=Simone
|first=Judy
|author-link=
|publisher=Intaction
|website=https://intaction.org/
|date=2020-07-26
|accessdate=2020-10-04
|format=
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WS4pmFCoHkq3UloORfSWi4VgnM11m_5-/edit
|title=Unwarranted Presumption
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Google
|date=2022-12-10
|accessdate=2025-02-20
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Deacon
|first=
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Muir
|first2=
|init2=G
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=What is the medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision?
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal= Int J Impot Res
|location=
|date=2022-01-08
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00502-y
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=34997197
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y
|accessdate=2023-04-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/
|title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to)
|last=Garrett
|first=
|init=CJ
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-11-10
|accessdate=2024-03-22
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/groups-who-pressure-you-to-circumcise/
|title=The 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do)
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-27
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/keeping-your-sons-penis-intact/
|title=Keeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Guide for Parents
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-29
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/
|title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-02
|accessdate=2024-02-09
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-anger-and-resentment/
|title=The Circumcision Decision: Unpackaging Anger and Resentment
|last=Garner
|first=Bryan
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-26
|accessdate=2024-09-05
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-a-barbaric-practice-with-consequences/
|title=Circumcision: A Barbaric Practice with Consequences No One Talks About
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-28
|accessdate=2024-10-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/user/C4Charkey/comments/1jum85t/the_accidental_intactivist_manifesto_i/
|title=Section I. Introduction: The Price of Admission – Waking from the American Dream
|last=C4Charkey
|first=
|init=
|author-link=C4Charkey
|publisher=REDDIT
|date=2025-04-08
|accessdate=2025-04-13
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-vs-eyelid-removal/
|title=Imagine Cutting Off Your Baby’s Eyelids to Prevent Pink Eye
|last=Alissa
|first=
|init=K
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-05-21
|accessdate=2025-05-22
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://archive.md/Au7cV#selection-98.0-707.8
|title=Unjustifiable reason 1: Parents are clueless about the functions of the foreskin
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=REDDIT Intactivism
|date=2025-06-17
|accessdate=2025-06-24
}}
{{REF}}
 
 
 
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Genital mutilation]]
[[Category:Body modification]]
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Islam]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Penile surgery]]
[[Category:Penis]]
[[Category:Medical term]]
[[Category:Male genital mutilation]]
 
[[Category:From Intactipedia]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 
[[de:Zirkumzision]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/Child_circumcision"