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===Condemnation===
<blockquote>
Our results reinforce the relevance of Cold and Taylor’s 11 1999 conclu-
sions (p. 42), which now seem more pertinent than ever: “The prepuce
is a specialized, specific erogenous tissue in both males and females.
Therefore, surgical excision should be restricted to lesions that are
unresponsive to medical therapy. . . Preputial plasty should be consid-
ered in place of circumcision whenever possible, so as to preserve
the corpuscular sensory receptors, dartos muscle, penile mucosa and
complete function of the penis. . . Although a Fourcroy grade 1 female
circumcision would excise less tissue than in a male, this compari-
son cannot be used to justify female circumcision. Excision of normal,
erogenous genital tissue from healthy male or female children cannot
be condoned, as the histology confirms that the external genitalia are
specialized sensory tissues. . . Removal of normal genital anatomy in
children and infants should be deferred until the individual can make an
informed decision. If external genital tissue must be excised to combat
a disease process that threatens the child’s health, and is unresponsive
o medical therapy, then the amount of tissue should be limited so as to
preserve the anatomy and function of the external genitalia.”<reF> {{REFjournal
|last=Cepeda-Emiliani
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=
|last2=Otero-Alén
|first2=
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|last3=Suárez-Quintanilla
|first3=
|init3=J
|author3-link=
|last4=Gándara-Cortés
|first4=
|init4=M
|author4-link=
|last5=García-Caballero
|first5=
|init5=T
|author5-link=
|last6=García-Caballero
|first6=
|init6=R
|author6-link=
|last7=García-Caballero
|first7=
|init7=L
|author7-link=
|etal=no
|title=The sensory penis: A comprehensive immunohistological and ontogenetic exploration of human penile innervation
|trans-title=
|journal=Andrology
|date=2025-09-19
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|pages=1-41
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/andr.70118
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=40970806
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/andr.70118
|accessdate=2025-10-01
}}
</ref>
</blockquote>
Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nations in the nineteenth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1980 in the [[United States]]. It has ''never'' been a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision of boys is not done in the Russian Federation, Latin America, or [[China]]. In [[India]] only the minority Muslim population does circumcision of children. In Europe it is only done for religious reasons by Muslims and Jews.